[mage lang="" source="flickr"]the employment law alliance[/mage] Why did Shah Mohommad Reza Pahlavi fall from power?
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi fell from power in the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979 partly because he
(A) was moving toward a military alliance with the Soviet Union
(B) was aggressive in modernizing the country along Western lines
(C) insisted on strict enforcement of Islamic religious laws
(D) tried unsuccessfully to annex Afghanistan
(E) opposed increased educational and employment opportunities for women
noen of the above. he fell from power because the idiot jimmy carter refused to back him up when the crazy ayatollahs came to overthrow him. none of the muslim problems would have happened over the past 30 years if carter had supported the shah
2010 Protest John Yoo Torture Boalt Law School, Part 1
[mage lang="" source="flickr"]employment law degree london[/mage] I'm 29 and about to graduate with a 2:2 law degree from Birkbeck, University of London...?
I'm a bit disappointed.
I am working almost full time - 2 half days as a nanny, and 3 days as an admin at a charity organisation (with no employment contract even though I've been there now for 2 years). I had billion problems at home with my hubbie and trying to fit in the evening LLB course wasn't easy. I only achieved a 2:2... I did not really have time to apply for training contracts or do summer placements. I assume my application won't even be looked at now when I am a graduate with lower second class degree and no law experience...
I speak a couple of foreign languages - Turkish, Bulgarian and some informal Russian. My only office experience is at this charity org. I do have a degree in Turkish Philology (obtained in Bulgaria). I am experienced with children but am not excited about a job in child care.
Where do I go from here is the question, I guess...
I'd have you first try to get a job with a law firm or organization who deals with legal matters, and which does work with peoples from the regions in which you speak the language. They'd be most likely to value your entire set of skills. So, for example - a UK governmental or non-governmental organization that deals with immigrant issues, a law firm who deals with immigration, etc.
Use the career resources available to you via Birkbeck, and the rest of the University of London.
Make sure your old professors know you're looking.
In my opinion, it's not your 2.2 that's your main issue. It's the lack of training/work placements. Did they not speak to you about the importance of that in your field? To try to make up for that being missing, see if you can do some volunteer work related to the law, for a charitable organization. This counts as work experience. I know you're an admin for a charity now - time to move beyond that, either with your current org or elsewhere.
Continue looking for a job in law, and add that charity legal experience to your CV as soon as you start it. It's going to help you re: employment.
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Bloom's Taxonomy In College Exams
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
IN COLLEGE EXAMS
What is the instructor looking for on an exam (besides the right answer)? One way of organizing and developing our thinking skills so that we can devise better answers to exam questions is to be familiar with and use Bloom's Taxonomy. Sound scary? Well, it isn't.
Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues suggested that our thinking abilities can be organized into a step-by-step method of problem solving. These steps, like rungs on a ladder, will range from lower to higher levels of thinking.
Instructors will begin asking questions at the lowest (easiest) level and work to the highest (hardest) level on material that they have taught. The value placed on these questions will be based on how easy or hard the question is. These steps or levels of difficulty tell the instructor how well the class understands the material.
HOW TO DO BETTER ON TESTS
HOW TO DO BETTER ON TESTS
HOW TO DO BETTER ON TESTS
HOW TO DO BETTER ON TESTS
One way to earn better grades on tests, quizzes, and in class participation is to understand the levels of questions that the instructor is asking:
At the bottom of the ladder is the knowledge level, reflected in the skill of memorizing. Retaining information is an important part of nearly every college course. Unfortunately, we can memorize information incorrectly.
We can memorize information without it's making any sense to us. We don't necessarily learn what we memorize. Sometimes we can't use a memorized term because we don't remember what it means or the context in which to use it.
Cramming for an exam is an example of just memorizing information. Your instructor will know that meaningful learning depends on much more than memorized facts—you will be tested on how to use the information, not just what the information is.
When instructors ask questions at the knowledge level, they want the student to recall or recognize facts, terminology, problem-solving strategies, or rules.
Verbs used to write test questions at the knowledge level include the following:
The next level is comprehension. It emphasizes understanding the material that you are trying to learn. This is the rung on the ladder where you say, "Oh, I get it!" or "I need that explained better." Once you've found the material that you need to read, your challenge is to read, interpret, and paraphrase what the author says, so that you can use the information in your work. We want to understand what the author is thinking and be able to discuss the material, as well as show our understanding of it.
Instructors make questions requiring some degree of understanding at this level. Test questions at this level will require a student to translate (change the way the information is communicated), interpret (see relationships and connections) and infer (draw conclusions from the information).
The third level is application, or applying what you have learned in your coursework to different situations. Here you will be more involved in learning as you link your new knowledge to your life (or your previous knowledge). You might be able to identify an experience from your own life with that of a main character in a short story assigned in your English class. Your ability to see a parallel between the character and yourself is an example of application. Learning a new form of note-taking, and then beginning to use it in your classes is another example of application.
An instructor hopes to have a student use previously learned information in order to solve a problem. Verbs that an instructor might use are the following:
The fourth step on the ladder, analysis, requires you to take an example or problem and break it apart in meaningful ways. Analysis is a basic requirement for critical thinking in any subject.
By breaking apart a case, you narrow it down to symptoms that can be linked to important concepts that you learned in a course. An example might be in history class in which you look at assumptions and inferences in a famous speech. Instructors want their students to identify logical errors to differentiate among facts, opinions, assumptions, hypotheses, or conclusions. Questions at this level often require the student to draw relationships among ideas.
Verbs that instructors use at this level are:
analyze break down conclude deduce detect
diagram determine differentiate distinguish identify cause or
The fifth level, synthesis, involves the combination of different ideas or different information in order to create a new concept. Synthesizing requires you to survey your existing knowledge base (which is wider because of your experiences in class) and to now create new combinations of these ideas. You will make creative solutions.
Instructors aren't always looking for "the answer" at the synthesis level, because there can be more than one correct answer. The key word here is often "original." Verbs instructors writing synthesis questions might use are:
The sixth step is evaluation, which involves deciding how important or how good your evidence or facts are. In many cases of evaluation, the instructor won't give you information to make a decision. So part of critical thinking is to make you own standards for making a decision. In evaluation, you must reach a conclusion using appropriate material for judgment based on your own interpretation of evidence. An example might be to evaluate whether a painting is aesthetically pleasing. Another example might be to decide whether a social policy intended to provide adequate aid and assistance to poor people is accomplishing its mission.
Instructors want their students to form judgments about the value and worth of methods, ideas, people, or products that have a specific purpose. They are looking for the student to state the basis for their judgments. The verbs that instructors use for evaluation or judgment are:
appraise defend argue interpret compare
judge conclude justify contrast support
criticize validate
Each step of the ladder is more challenging than the previous steps. Each step takes the student toward the more difficult types of questions. Being able to anticipate what an instructor is looking for in an answer to his or her question is an important step toward providing a satisfactory answer.
Bloomsburg University Student Support Services 1998
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY IN OBJECTIVE EXAMS
Following are four sample textbook passages followed by questions on each passage. The questions are written at various levels of Bloom's Taxonomy as described above.
*********
THE HEART
The heart is a cone-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist. It is located between the lungs directly behind the breastbone and is tilted so that the pointed end (apex) is directed to the left. The major portion of the heart, called the myocardium, consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue. The heart lies within the pericardium, a thick, membranous sac that contains a small quantity of lubricating liquid. The inner surface of the heart is lined with endocardium, which consists of connective tissue and endothelial tissue.
Internally, a wall called the septum separates the heart into a right side and a left side. The heart has two chambers: two upper, thin walled atria, and two lower, thick walled ventricles. The atria are much smaller and weaker than the muscular ventricles, but they hold the same volume of blood.
The blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior venacava. These veins, carrying deoxygenated blood (low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide), enter the right atrium of the heart. The right atrium sends blood through the atrioventricularvalve to the right ventricle. The valves in the heart function like doors that prevent the backward flow of blood through the heart. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunarvalve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen and then returns from the lungs to the left atrium. The left atrium sends this freshly oxygenated blood through an atrioventricularvalve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aorticsemilunarvalve, into the aorta (the largest artery) and out to the rest of the body.
From this description, you can see that deoxygenated blood never mixes with oxygenated blood and that blood must go through the lungs in order to pass from the right side to the left side of the heart. In fact, the heart is a double pump because the right ventricle sends blood to the lungs, as the left ventricle sends blood to the body. The left ventricle has the harder job of pumping blood to the entire body, therefore, its walls are thicker than those of the right ventricle.
From: Human Biology, 1998. WCB/McGraw-Hill, Boston, 5th edition.
The Heart
Questions
Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of carbon dioxide?
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta
renal vein
In the human heart, semilunar valves are located
between chambers of the heart
at the entrance of veins into the heart
at the exit of arteries from the heart
in systemic veins
In humans, the superior vena cava
carries blood to the right atrium
carries blood away from the right atrium
joins with the aorta
has a high blood pressure
Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from entering the
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
pulmonary trunk
The heart is enclosed in the
myocardium
endocardial sac
pericardial sac
pleural cavity
Which of these is NOT true of the heart?
It is a double pump
It helps maintain blood pressure
It helps make red blood cells
It is composed primarily of muscle
It has an inner lining of endothelium
In general, values in the circulatory system
permit blood to circulate rapidly
prevent blood from moving too rapidly
prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction
stop the circulation whenever necessary.
Which of the following statements is false?
The myocardium is within the pericardium
The endocardium is outside the myocardium.
The pericardium is outside the endocardium.
The endothelial tissue is within the pericardium.
Chemical Equilibrium
In chemical equilibrium, a chemical reaction and its reverse are occurring at equal rates. Theoretically, all chemical reactions are reversible--able to take place in either direction and therefore to come to equilibrium. If and how chemical equilibrium is actually established depends on a number of factors.
Heating limestone in masonry pits to produce lime for mortar was one of the first manufacturing processes carried out by settlers in the U.S. colonies. The CO2 gas escapes from an open pit and all of the calcium carbonate in the limestone can be converted to lime.
CaCO3 (s) V CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide
(limestone) (lime)
This reaction is reversible and establishes equilibrium if the gas cannot escape. When some dry limestone is sealed in a closed container and heated, the decomposition of calcium carbonate begins. As soon as CO2 accumulates in the container, the reverse reaction starts to occur. Once the concentration of CO2 reaches a specific point, the system has reached equilibrium.
CaCO3 (s) D CaO(s) + CO2(g)
If there aren't any changes in the reaction conditions (the pressure and the temperature), the forward and reverse reactions continue to take place at the same rates and the concentration of CO2 in the container remains the same.
Note that chemical equilibrium is dynamic--the CO2 concentration doesn't change, but CO2 is constantly being produced and reacting to form CaCO3.
If the container is opened briefly to let some of the CO2 out and then sealed again, the forward reaction will outpace the reverse reaction, and the CO2 concentration will increase until equilibrium is again established. This type of change illustrates a very important principle that applies to all systems at equilibrium: If a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will adjust to relieve the stress. Known as Le Chatelier's principle for the French scientist, Henri Le Chatelier, who first stated it in 1884, this principle means that whatever the disruption, the reaction will shift in the direction that re-establishes equilibrium. For a chemical reaction, the stresses might be adding or taking away a reactant or product, changing the temperature or, in some cases, changing the pressure.
om: World of Chemistry,2nd Edition, By Joesten and Wood. Saunders College Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-03-004463-4. Pages 229-230.
Chemical Equilibrium
Questions
1. In the example given: CaCo3(s) D CaO(s) + CO2(g) what would you expect would happen if heat is removed ( i.e. the reaction is cooled)?
a. Reaction will move forward.
b. Reaction will move in reverse.
c. No change in the reaction.
c. Can not determine from given information
2-5 In the following questions determine what will happen in the following reaction:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) D 2NH3(g)
A. Move forward B. Move in reverse
C. No change D. Cannot determine
2. Decrease N2 concentration. (B)
3. Increase H2 concentration. (A)
4. Decrease NH3 concentration. (A)
5. Increase pressure. (A)
6. In chemical equilibrium a reaction and its reverse
a. occur if one of the products is a gas and is allowed to escape.
b. only occur under high pressure and temperature conditions
c. are occurring at equal ratio.
d. can only occur in the production of limestone.
7. The French scientist who first stated this principle of equilibrium was
a. LeCorBusies
b. Louis Pasteur
c. LeChatelier
d. Chevalier
8. Complete the following statement according to the principle of chemical equilibrium: If a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, _____.
a. no change will occur under normal conditions.
b. the system will adjust to relieve the stress.
c. a change in the reverse direction will occur if one product is a gas.
d. the quality of the products will be affected.
Price Elasticity of Demand
The law of demand tells us that consumers will buy more of a product when its price declines and less when its price increases. But how much more or less will they buy? The amount varies from product to product and over different price ranges for the same product. . . .
The responsiveness (or sensitivity) of consumers to a price change is measured by theproduct's priceelasticity of demand. For some products—for example, restaurant meals—consumers are highly responsive to price changes. Modest price changes cause very large changes in the quantity purchased. Economists say that the demand for such products if relatively elastic or simply elastic.
For other products—for example, salt—consumers pay much less tattention to price changes. Substantial price changes cause only small changes in the amount purchased. The demand for such products is relatively inelastic or simply inelastic. (p. 356)
Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand
A. Substitutability. Generally, the larger the number of substitute goods that are available, the greater the elasticity of demand. . . (p. 362).
B. Proportion of Income. Other things equal, the higher the price of a good relative to consumers' incomes, the greater the price elasticity of demand. . . . (p. 362)
C. Luxuries versus Necessities. . . . Bread and electricity are generally regarded as necessities; it is difficult to get along without them. A price increase will not significantly reduce the amount of bread consumed or the amount of lighting and power used in a household. . . . On the other hand, travel vacations and jewelry are luxuries which, by definition, can be forgone. . (p. 362).
D. Time. Generally, product demand is more elastic the longer the time period under consideration. Consumers often need time to adjust to changes in prices. For example, when the price of a product rises, it takes time to find and experiment with other products to see if they are acceptable. . . . Another consideration is product durability. Studies show that "short-run" demand for gasoline is more inelastic. . . than is "long-run" demand. . . . In the short run, people are "stuck" with their present cars and trucks, but with rising gasoline prices, they eventually replace them with smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles. (362-363)
From:Economics, 16th Edition, by McConnell and Brue. McGraw-Hill, 2005. Excerpts from pages 356 to 363.
Price Elasticity of Demand
Questions
1 Response of consumers to price changes is measured by
a) percent of price decline in the product
b) percent of price increase in the product
c) price elasticity of demand
d) price elasticity of supply
2 If the demand for a product is inelastic,
a) Small increases in price will cause considerable increase in the demand for the product.
b) Large increases in price will cause little increase in the demand for the product.
c) Small increases in price will cause considerable decrease in the demand for the product.
d) Large increases in price will cause little decrease in the demand for the product.
3 The demand for insulin would be
a) Relatively elastic
b) Very elastic
c) Relatively inelastic
d) Very inelastic
4 In which case would the demand for a product likely be most elastic (Price increase would affect purchase decision).
a) A Harley Davidson before 1960 OR
b) A Harley Davidson today.
c) The price of motor oil increases because of cutoff of MidEast oil OR
d) An increase in the price of Quaker State motor oil
e) A 10% increase in the price of chewing gum OR
f) A 5% increase in the price of yachts to cover a new luxury tax.
5 In considering elasticity of demand of various products, on which product would the government most likely levy a tax.
a) Canned soda
b) Gasoline
c) Bathing suits
d) NFL tickets
6 The price of butter goes up, so more people switch to margarine. Which of the following is true?
a) The price of butter is elastic because of substitutability
b) The price of margarine is inelastic because of substitutability.
c) The price of margarine will likely go up.
d) The price of margarine will likely go down.
e) Both a and c
f) Both a and d
Know Your Blood Type
though there are at least twelve well known blood type identification systems, the ABO system and the Rh system are most often used to determine blood type.
ABO System is Common
Before the twentieth century, blood transfusions sometimes resulted in adverse reactions or even death. A concerned Viennese physician, Karl Lansteiner, began to study the matter by mixing different samples of blood and examining the effect under the microscope. In the end, he and his associates determined that there are four major blood groups among humans. They designated the types of blood as A, B, AB, and O (table 36.1). The types of blood are dependent on whether A antigen and/or B antigen is present on red blood cells. Type O blood has neither the A antigen nor the B antigen on red blood cells; the other types of blood have one or both of the antigen(s) present. A (or B) is not an antigen to an individual with blood type A, but it can be an antigen to a recipient with a different blood type.
Within the plasma of the individual, there are antibodies to the antigens that are not present on the red blood cells. Therefore, for example, type A has an antibody called anti-B in the plasma. Type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies because both antigens are on the red blood cells. This is reasonable because if these antibodies were present, agglutination (L. agglutinin, glued together), or clumping of red blood cells, would occur.
For a recipient to receive blood from a donor, the recipient's plasma must not have an antibody that causes the donor's cells to agglutinate. For this reason it is important to determine each person's blood type. Figure 36.15 demonstrates a way to use the antibodies derived from plasma to determine blood type. If clumping occurs after a sample of blood is exposed to anti-A or anti-B antibody, the person has that antigen on the red blood cells. In the first example given, the individual's blood sample does not react to either anti-A or anti-B antibody; therefore, the blood type is O. The + and - are discussed in the next section.
From Biology, Fifth Edition (customized for Bloomsburg University), by Sylvia S. Mader, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, 1996, ISBN 0-697-36676-6, p. 644.
ow Your Blood Type
Questions
What is agglutination?
a) a protein produced by the body in response to the presence of an antigen.
b) a component of blood that is necessary in blood clotting.
c) clumping of red blood cells due to a reaction between antigens
d) a process where white blood cells engulf foreign substances.
person's blood type is determined by the type of ______ present on red blood cells.
a) antibody
b) erythrocyte
c) anticoolon
d) antigen
If a person has blood type A, the type/s of blood that person can receive during surgery is/are?
a) type A only
b) type O only
c) type A or type O
d) type AB or type A
One of the blood types is considered the universal donor because
a) the donor blood has both A and B antigens on its red blood cells
b) the donor blood has neither A antigen nor B antigen present on its red blood cells
c) the recipient of the blood always has red blood cells that have both A and B antigens on his/her blood
d) the universal donor blood is Rh+
One of the blood types is considered the universal recipient because
a) the donor blood has both A and B antigens on its red blood cells
b) the donor blood has neither A antigen nor B antigen present on its red blood cells
c) the recipient of the blood has red blood cells that have both A and B antigens on his/her blood
d) the universal donor blood is Rh+
The universal donor blood type is:
a) type A
b) type B
c) type AB
d) type O
7. The universal recipient blood type is:
e) type A
f) type B
g) type AB
h) type O
If you needed elective surgery that would necessitate receiving blood, it would be best to
a) go to the blood bank at least two months before surgery and donate your own blood
to receive during surgery
b) send a family relative to the blood bank to donate blood you can receive during
surgery
c) use blood bank blood that has been tested after collection.
d) delay the surgery and investigate other treatments.
About the Author
Author is associated with SuperiorPapers.us which is a global Research Papers and Term Papers Writing Company. If you would like help in Research Papers and Term Paper Help you can visitEssay Writing and Buy Research Papers or Term Paper Writing
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Compromise Agreements: A Good Way Of Resolving Employment Law Disputes
In the UK, where there has been an irretrievably breakdown in the relationship between employer and employee, one possible solution is for both parties to enter into what is known as a 'Compromise Agreement'. A Compromise Agreement is a legally binding agreement which allows the employee to receive an agreed lump sum as compensation for loss of office, the first ₤30,000.00 of which is tax free (plus an agreed reference in certain cases), in return for agreeing not to pursue their case against the employer to the Employment Tribunal.
Most types of employment law dispute can be resolved by way of Compromise Agreement, anything from an unfair dismissal situation to race and sex discrimination.
To be valid, the Compromise Agreement must be in writing, specify the dispute being settled, and state that the conditions governing Compromise Agreements have been complied with. The employee must also have received independent legal advice on the Compromise Agreement from a qualified person insured to provide it (i.e. the employee's solicitor), and the Compromise Agreement must identify who that person was. Usually, the employer pays the costs involved in the employee taking this advice.
The standard terms that are normally incorporated into the Compromise Agreement include: the size of the payment, that the employee will not pursue any claim against the employer, that the first £30,000.00 will be paid tax free, that the employer will provide the employee with an agreed reference, a tax indemnity, confidentiality, no derogatory remarks by either party about each other, return of company property, and that the employee will continue to abide by the restrictive covenants in their contract of employment.
About the Author
Richard Antrobus is a Solicitor with The Employment Law Solicitors who handle dismissal and discrimination cases on behalf of both employers and employees nationwide throughout the United Kingdom. He is also the author of the firms two websites, The Employment Law Solicitors and The Compromise Agreement Solicitors. Visit the website at: http://www.theemploymentlawsolicitors.co.uk and http://www.thecompromiseagreementsolicitors.co.uk
Vera Richardson's Promotion of "A Case of Racial Discrimination and Retaliation Real or Imagined"
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Military Robots And Unmanned Vehicles Market Shares, Strategies, And Forecasts, Worldwide, 2010 To 2016-Aarkstore Enterprise
LEXINGTON, Massachusetts (January 22, 2010) Announces that it has a new study on Military Ground Robots and unmanned vehicles. The 2010 study has 513 pages, 190 tables and figures. Worldwide markets are poised to achieve significant growth as the military ground robots and unmanned vehicles are used globally. Growth comes as the nature of combat changes in every region while the globally integrated enterprise replaces nationalistic dominance.
Military robot automation of the defense process is the next wave of military evolution. As automated systems and networking complement the Internet , communication is facilitated on a global basis. The military charter is shifting to providing protection against terrorists and people seek to maintain a safe, mobile, independent lifestyle. Much of the military mission is moving to adopt a police force training mission, seeking to achieve protection of civilian populations on a worldwide basis.
According to Susan Eustis, the lead author of the study, ¡°the purchase of Military Robots s is dependent on budget constraints. The use of Military Robots s is based on providing a robot that is less expensive to put in the field than a trained soldier. That automation of process has appeal to those who run the military.
Robots are automating military ground systems, permitting vital protection of soldiers and people in the field, creating the possibility of reduced fatalities. Mobile robotics operate independently of the operator.
The innovation coming from all the vendors is astounding. No one innovation is more significant than another. One vendor, BAE Systems has an ant size robot useful for reconnaissance and networking robots in development. As soldiers take up secure positions behind a wall, they deploy a small reconnaissance team. The initial deployment is poised to be a very, very small reconnaissance team. Some hopping, some flying, the stealthy autonomous reconnaissance squad vanishes into a suspicious building for several minutes, then relays the all-clear back to its partners outside when that is the case.
What is good for a robotic unmanned ground vehicle is also good for an ummanned vehicle. Multiple technological, logistical, political and market forces share a quantum singularity that has brought mobile robotics to the point where robots are useful to every arm of the military services. This is a phenomenon that will have a major impact on the way we run the military and police societies.
Use of remote-control toys in Iraq started as improvised robots to check out possible roadside bombs. There has since been a flurry of activity on the robotic explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) front since that early beginning. Deliveries of smaller and cheaper Bots are anticipated.
The emergence of a market for intelligent, mobile robots for use in the field and the confined areas of city fighting presents many opportunities. Units used in public spaces and on the battlefield create a better, more flexible, more cost efficient military.
Technology is used to actuate the disparate robot types. Core robotics research and advances in robotic technology can be applied across a variety of robotic form factors and robotic functionality. Advances feed on and off of each other. With each new round of innovation, a type of technological cross pollination occurs that improves existing robotic platforms and opens up other avenues where intelligent mobile robots can be employed, effectively creating new markets.
Roboticists are more advanced in their training and in the tools available to create units. Military robots have evolved from units used in the field to manage different situations that arise. Robots save lives..
Military ground robot market forecast analysis indicates that vendor strategy is to pursue developing new applications that leverage leading edge technology. Robot solutions are achieved by leveraging the ability to innovate, to bring products to market quickly. Military purchasing authorities seek to reduce costs through design and outsourcing. Vendor capabilities depend on the ability to commercialize the results of research in order to fund further research. Government funded research is evolving some more ground robot capability.
Markets at $831 million in 2009 are anticipated to reach $9.7 billion by 2016.
Report Methodology
This is the 428th report in a series of primary market research reports that provide forecasts in communications, telecommunications, the Internet, computer, software, telephone equipment, health equipment, and energy. Automated process and significant growth potential are a priorities in topic selection. The project leaders take direct responsibility for writing and preparing each report. They have significant experience preparing industry studies. Forecasts are based on primary research and proprietary data bases.
The primary research is conducted by talking to customers, distributors and companies. The survey data is not enough to make accurate assessment of market size, so it looks at the value of shipments and the average price to achieve market assessments. Our track record in achieving accuracy is unsurpassed in the industry. We are known for being able to develop accurate market shares and projections. This is our specialty.
The analyst process is concentrated on getting good market numbers. This process involves looking at the markets from several different perspectives, including vendor shipments. The interview process is an essential aspect as well. We do have a lot of granular analysis of the different shipments by vendor in the study and addenda prepared after the study was published if that is appropriate.
Forecasts reflect analysis of the market trends in the segment and related segments. Unit and dollar shipments are analyzed through consideration of dollar volume of each market participant in the segment. Installed base analysis and unit analysis is based on interviews and an information search. Market share analysis includes conversations with key customers of products, industry segment leaders, marketing directors, distributors, leading market participants, opinion leaders, and companies seeking to develop measurable market share.
Over 200 in depth interviews are conducted for each report with a broad range of key participants and industry leaders in the market segment. We establish accurate market forecasts based on economic and market conditions as a base. Use input/output ratios, flow charts, and other economic methods to quantify data. Use in-house analysts who meet stringent quality standards. Interviewing key industry participants, experts and end-users is a central part of the study. Our research includes access to large proprietary databases. Literature search includes analysis of trade publications, government reports, and corporate literature.
Findings and conclusions of this report are based on information gathered from industry sources, including manufacturers, distributors, partners, opinion leaders, and users. Interview data was combined with information gathered through an extensive review of internet and printed sources such as trade publications, trade associations, company literature, and online databases. The projections contained in this report are checked from top down and bottom up analysis to be sure there is congruence from that perspective.
The base year for analysis and projection is 2009. With 2009 and several years prior to that as a baseline, market projections were developed for 2010 through 2016. These projections are based on a combination of a consensus among the opinion leader contacts interviewed combined with understanding of the key market drivers and their impact from a historical and analytical perspective. The analytical methodologies used to generate the market estimates are based on penetration analyses, similar market analyses, and delta calculations to supplement independent and dependent variable analysis. All analyses are displaying selected descriptions of products and services.
This research includes referencde to an ROI model that is part of a series that provides IT systems financial planners access to information that supports analysis of all the numbers that impact management of a product launch or large and complex data center. The methodology used in the models relates to having a sophisticated analytical technique for understanding the impact of workload on processor consumption and cost.
It has looked at the metrics and independent research to develop assumptions that reflect the actual anticipated usage and cost of systems. Comparative analyses reflect the input of these values into models.
The variables and assumptions provided in the market research study and the ROI models are based on extensive experience in providing research to large enterprise organizations and data centers. The ROI models have lists of servers from different manufacturers, Systems z models from IBM, and labor costs by category around the world. This information has been developed from research proprietary data bases constructed as a result of preparing market research studies that address the software, energy, healthcare, telecommunicatons, and hardware businesses.
Table of Contents :
MILITARY GROUND ROBOT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 Military Ground Robot Market Driving Forces ES-1 Future Combat System (FCS) Program Transitions to Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization ES-2 Robots Operate Independently ES-2 Military Robots Market Driving Forces 5 Military Ground Robot Market Shares ES-6 BAE Systems Ant Size Robot ES-7 Military Ground Robot Market Forecasts ES-8
1. MILITARY ROBOTS MARKET DESCRIPTION AND MARKET DYNAMICS 1-1 1.1 Delivering Robotic Capabilities to Combat Teams 1-1 1.2 Military Robot Scope 1-2 1.2.1 Military Robot Applications 1-3 1.3 Army's G8 Futures office 1-6 1.3.1 Delivering Capabilities to the Army's Brigade Combat Teams 1-8 1.3.2 Transition Between The Current Market And Where The Market Is Going 1-9 1.3.3 Different Sizes of UGVs 1-10 1.4 Types of Military Robots 1-12 1.4.1 Telerob Explosive Observation Robot and Ordnance Disposal 1-12 1.4.2 QinetiQ North America Talon® Robots Universal Disrupter Mount 1-15 1.4.3 General Dynamics Next-Generation CROWS II Increases Soldiers Safety 1-17 1.4.4 Soldier Unmanned Ground Vehicle from iRobot 1-18 1.5 UGV Enabling Technologies 1-19 1.5.1 Sensor Processing 1-20 1.5.2 Machine Autonomy 1-21 1.6 Military Robot Bandwidth 1-22 1.6.1 UGV Follow-Me Capability 1-22 1.6.2 Communications Bandwidth 1-23 1.6.3 Battery Power 1-23 1.6.4 Combination Of Batteries Linked To Onboard Conventional Diesel 1-24 1.7 SUGVs 1-25 1.7.1 Mid-Size Category UGV 1-25 1.7.2 Large UGV 1-26 1.7.3 U.S. Army Ground Combat Vehicle 1-27 1.7.4 TARDEC 1-28 1.7.5 Tacom 1-29
2. MILITARY GROUND ROBOT MARKET SHARES AND FORECASTS 2-1 2.1 Military Ground Robot Market Driving Forces 2-1 2.1.1 Future Combat System (FCS) Program Transitions to Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization 2-2 2.1.2 Robots Operate Independently 2-2 2.1.3 Military Robots Market Driving Forces 2-5 2.2 Military Ground Robot Market Shares 2-6 2.2.1 General Dynamics Robotic Systems 2-9 2.2.2 Northrop Grumman Remotec Andros 2-10 2.2.3 Northrop Grumman / Remotec 2-10 2.2.4 Northrop Grumman Remotec UK Wheelbarrow Robots 2-12 2.2.5 iRobot Government & Industrial Robots 2-12 2.2.6 QinetiQ / Foster-Miller 2-15 2.2.7 Qinetiq / Foster-Miller TALON EOD robots 2-16 2.2.8 NAVEODTECHDIV Funds QinetiQ Foster-Miller Talon Robots 2-17 2.2.9 Foster-Miller TALON Responder and EOD 2-17 2.2.10 Kongsberg CrowsII Military Robot System 2-18 2.2.11 BAE Systems Ant Size Robot 2-19 2.2.12 Telerob Rapid Response Vehicle 2-20 2.2.13 Boston Dynamics 2-21 2.2.14 Robotic Technology Robot 2-21 2.3 Military and First Responder Robot Market Shares 2-23 2.4 Military Ground Robot Market Forecasts 2-27 2.4.1 Mid Range Military Robot Market Forecasts 2-29 2.4.2 High End Military Robots 2-33 2.4.3 Mid Range Unmanned Vehicle UVV Market Forecasts 2-35 2.4.4 High End Unmanned Vehicle UVV Market Forecasts 2-38 2.4.5 SUGVs 2-40 2.4.6 Small Military Robots Used In Networks 2-42 2.4.7 Remotely Controlled Armed Robots Deployed In Iraq 2-45 2.4.8 Robots For Defense And Homeland Security 2-46 2.4.9 U.S. Army Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV) 2-47 2.4.10 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA Tactical Teams 2-47 2.4.11 Application Scope 2-48 2.4.12 U.S. Military Robots Key to Iraq Surge Success 2-48 2.5 Military Robot Regional Market Analysis 2-50 2.5.1 iRobot Geographic Information 2-52
3. MILITARY ROBOTS PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 3-1 3.1 iRobot 3-1 3.1.1 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with EOD Kit 3-2 3.1.2 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with First Responder Kit 3-3 3.1.3 iRobot® Warrior™ 700 3-4 3.1.4 iRobot® PackBot® 500 with RedOwl Sniper Detection Kit 3-5 3.1.5 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with FasTac Kit 3-8 3.1.6 iRobot® PackBot® 500 with ICx Fido® Explosives Detection Kit 3-8 3.1.7 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with HAZMAT Detection Kit 3-10 3.1.8 iRobot® SeaGlider 3-11 iRobot® SeaGlider 3-11 3.1.9 iRobot® Ranger 3-12 iRobot® Ranger 3-12 3.1.10 iRobot Aware 2.0 Robot Intelligence Software 3-13 3.2 Northrop Grumman 3-14 3.2.1 Andros HD-1 : Compact, Lightweight Platform 3-14 3.2.2 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 3-17 3.2.3 Northrop Grumman F6A - Versatile Platform 3-17 3.2.4 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 3-20 3.2.5 Northrop Grumman Mark V-A1 - Highly Versatile, Robust, All-Terrain Platform 3-20 3.2.6 Northrop Grumman V-A1 Features 3-22 3.2.7 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 3-23 3.2.8 Northrop Grumman Mini-ANDROS II - Compact, Capable, Two-Man-Portable Platform 3-23 3.2.9 Northrop Grumman Mini Andros II Features 3-25 3.2.10 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 3-26 3.2.11 Northrop Grumman Wolverine - Outdoor, All-Terrain Workhorse 3-26 3.2.12 Northrop Grumman Wolverine 3-28 3.2.13 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 3-29 3.3 General Dynamics 3-30 3.3.1 General Dynamics Next-Generation CROWS II Increases Soldiers Safety 3-31 3.4 Kongsberg 3-33 3.4.1 Kongsberg CrowsII Military Robot System 3-33 3.4.2 Kongsberg Addresses Underwater Diver Incursion 3-34 3.4.3 Kongsberg Norwegian Mine Reconnaissance Program 3-34 3.5 BAE Systems 3-36 3.5.1 BAE Systems Ant Size Robot 3-36 3.5.2 BAE Personal Robots 3-38 3.5.3 BAE Systems Large UGV 3-39 3.6 Lockheed Martin 3-39 3.6.1 Lockheed Martin Multifunction Utility/ Logistics and Equipment Vehicle (MULE) 3-40 3.6.2 Lockheed Martin Large NUWC Manta UUV 3-42 3.6.3 Lockheed Martin Large NUWC Manta UUV For The Offshore Oil Industry 3-44 3.6.4 Lockheed Martin AN/WLD-1 Remote Minehunting System (RMS) 3-44 3.7 QinetiQ North America TALON® Robots 3-48 3.7.1 QinetiQ North America Talon® Robots Universal Disrupter Mount 3-50 3.7.2 Qinetiq / Foster-Miller 3-52 3.7.3 Foster-Miller TALON Family of Military Robots 3-53 3.7.4 Foster-Miller New: Two-Way Hailer 3-54 3.7.5 Foster-Miller TALON Responder 3-54 3.7.6 Foster-Miller EOD Robots 3-56 3.7.7 Foster-Miller SWORDS Robots 3-58 3.7.8 Foster-Miller CBRNE/Hazmat Robots 3-60 3.7.9 Foster-Miller TALON SWAT/MP 3-61 3.7.10 Foster-Miller MAARS Robot 3-62 3.7.11 Foster-Miller Dragon Runner Field Transformable SUGV 3-64 3.7.12 Foster Miller TALON GEN IV Engineer 3-65 3.7.13 Foster Miller TAGS-CX Unmanned Vehicle 3-66 3.7.14 QinetiQ TAGS-CX Unmanned Vehicle 3-67 3.7.15 Combat Engineer Route Clearance Robot 3-70 3.7.16 Talon MAARS™ Robots 3-75 3.8 Telerob 3-78 3.8.1 Telerob - EOD / IEDD Equipment, EOD Robots and Vehicles 3-78 3.8.2 Telerob TEODor Heavy Duty Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Robot 3-80 3.8.3 Telerob Telemax High-Mobility EOD Robot 3-81 3.8.4 Telerob EOD / IEDD Service Vehicles 3-81 3.9 Versa / Allen Vanguard 3-86 3.9.1 Allen Vanguard VANGUARD® ROV 3-88 3.9.2 Allen Vanguard Defender Robot/ROV 3-97 3.9.3 Allen Vanguard ROV-Track CBRNE 3-102 3.10 Boston Dynamics 3-106 3.10.1 Boston Dynamic LittleDog - The Legged Locomotion Learning Robot 3-107 3.10.2 Boston Dynamic PETMAN - BigDog gets a Big Brother 3-109 3.10.3 Boston Dynamic RHex Devours Rough Terrain 3-110 3.10.4 Boston Dynamic RiSE: Climbing Robot 3-112 3.11 Robotic Technology 3-115 3.11.1 RTI Military Memetics (Information Propagation, Impact, and Persistence ¨C Info PIP) Project 3-116 3.11.2 RTI Humanoid And Legged Robots 3-116 3.12 Fujitsu Service Robot (enon) 3-118 3.13 Gostai SOS 3-119 3.14 Kairos Autonomi 3-121 3.15 Scripps Bluefin Robotics Spray glider UUV 3-122 3.15.1 Scripps Bluefin Robotics Spray Glider Sensors, Navigation, and Communications 3-123 3.16 Boeing¡¯s AN/BLQ-11 Long-term Mine Reconnaissance System (LMRS), 3-129 3.17 Boeing Advanced Information Systems 3-133 3.18 Sonatech 3-135 3.19 BAE Systems Underwater Systems 3-135 3.20 Gunsmith Jerry Baber 3-136 3.21 IVTT Program Intelligent Vehicle Robot Hops Over Walls 3-137 3.21.1 Robotic Technology Precision Urban Hopper 3-139 3.21.2 Robotic Technology Robot 3-139
4. MILITARY ROBOT TECHNOLOGY 4-1 4.1 Military Robot Enabling Technology 4-1 4.2 Intel Integrated Circuit Evidence-Based Innovation 4-3 4.2.1 Open Robotic Control Software 4-5 4.2.2 Military Robot Key Technology 4-6 4.2.3 PC-Bots 4-10 Visual Simultaneous Localization & Mapping 4-10 4.3 Advanced Robot Technology: Navigation, Mobility, And Manipulation 4-11 4.3.1 Robot Intelligence Systems 4-11 4.3.2 Real-World, Dynamic Sensing 4-12 4.4 User-Friendly Interfaces 4-12 4.4.1 Tightly-Integrated, Electromechanical Robot Design 4-13 4.5 Field Based Robotics Iterative Development 4-14 4.5.1 Next-Generation Products Leverage Model 4-15 4.5.2 Modular Robot Structure And Control 4-15 4.5.3 Lattice Architectures 4-16 4.5.4 Chain / Tree Architectures 4-16 4.5.5 Deterministic Reconfiguration 4-16 4.5.6 Stochastic Reconfiguration 4-17 4.5.7 Modular Robotic Systems 4-17 4.6 Intel Military Robot Cultivating Collaborations 4-18 4.7 Hitachi Configuration Of Robots Using The SuperH Family 4-18 Hitachi Concept of MMU And Logic Space 4-19 Robotic Use of Thin Film Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-23 4.8 Network Of Robots And Sensors 4-24 4.8.1 Sensor Networks Part Of Research Agenda 4-25 4.8.2 Light Sensing 4-26 4.8.3 Acceleration Sensing 4-27 4.8.4 Chemical Sensing 4-27 4.9 Military Robot Technology Functions 4-27 4.10 Carbon Nanotube Radio 4-28 4.11 Military Robot Funded Programs 4-30 4.11.1 Future Combat System (FCS) Program Transitions to Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization 4-30 4.11.2 XM1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV) 4-32 4.11.3 UUV Sub-Pillars 4-33 4.11.4 Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV) 4-36 4.11.5 Alliant 4-36 4.11.6 ATSP is a Government-Wide Contracting Vehicle 4-38 4.11.7 Quick, efficient contracting vehicle 4-38 4.11.8 Facilitates Technology And Insertion Into Fielded Systems 4-38 4.11.9 Access to all Northrop Grumman sectors 4-39 4.12 iRobot Technology 4-39 4.12.1 iRobot AWARE Robot Intelligence Systems 4-39 4.12.2 iRobot Real-World, Dynamic Sensing. 4-40 4.12.3 iRobot User-Friendly Interface 4-40 4.12.4 iRobot Tightly-Integrated Electromechanical Design. 4-41 4.13 Evolution Robotics Technology Solutions 4-42 Evolution Robotics Example Applications 4-44 4.14 NASA Exploratory Robots 4-45 4.14.1 NASA Spirit Robot 4-46 4.14.2 NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit 4-48 Sample NASA Sprit Sol-By-Sol Summary: 4-50 4.14.3 Opportunity Update 4-51 4.14.4 NASA Opportunity Sol-By-Sol Summary 4-52 4.14.5 NASA Opportunity Robot 4-54 4.15 Remote Controlled Robot Missions 4-55 4.15.1 Auto-Navigation System Takes Pictures Of The Nearby Terrain 4-59 4.15.2 Mars Robotic Rovers Spirit And Opportunity 4-61 4.16 Self-Reproducing Machines 4-62 4.16.1 M-TRAN Modular Transformer 4-62 4.16.2 Attitude Control In Space By Control Moment Gyros 4-63
5. MILITARY ROBOT COMPANY PROFILES 5-1 5.1 American Reliance Inc. (AMREL) 5-1 5.1.1 Amrel Field Expedient Robot Controls Interoperability 5-2 5.1.2 Amrel Small-Footprint, Highly Integrated, Rugged Mobile Computing Solutions 5-2 5.2 BAE Systems 5-2 5.2.1 BAE Systems Ant Size Robot 5-3 5.2.2 BAE Personal Robots 5-5 5.2.3 BAE Systems Large UGV 5-5 5.3 Boston Dynamics 5-5 5.4 Doosan Infracore / Bobcat Company 5-6 5.5 General Dynamics 5-7 5.5.1 General Dynamics Combat Autonomous Mobility System (CAMS) 5-7 5.5.2 General Dynamics $60 Million Contract by U.S. Air Force for Mission Operations Support 5-8 5.5.3 General Dynamics Revenue 5-9 5.5.4 General Dynamics Business Group Revenue 5-10 5.5.5 General Dynamics Combat Systems Awards 5-13 5.5.6 General Dynamics Land Systems $24 Million Contract To Supply Commanders Remote Operated Weapons 5-13 5.5.7 General Dynamics Canadian Government¡¯s LAV III Upgrade Program 14 5.5.8 General Dynamics U.S. Military Vehicle Business 5-15 5.6 Gostai 5-16 5.7 iRobot 5-16 5.7.1 iRobot Home Robots 5-17 5.7.2 iRobot Government and Industrial Robots 5-17 5.7.3 iRobot Locations 5-17 5.7.4 iRobot Military Programs 5-17 5.7.5 iRobot Revenue 5-19 5.7.6 iRobot Geographic Information 5-25 5.7.7 iRobot Significant Customers 5-25 5.7.8 iRobot Description 5-25 5.7.9 iRobot Industry Segment, Geographic Information and Significant Customers 5-27 5.7.10 iRobot Home Robots 5-27 5.7.11 iRobot Government and Industrial 5-27 5.7.12 iRobot Geographic Information 5-32 5.7.13 iRobot Home Robot Division Revenue And Units Shipped 5-33 5.7.14 iRobot Government And Industrial Division 5-34 5.7.15 iRobot Strategy 5-36 5.7.16 iRobot Government and Industrial Products 5-38 5.7.17 iRobot Home Robots 5-42 5.7.18 iRobot Government & Industrial Robots 5-42 5.7.19 iRobot Partners and Strategic Alliance 5-43 5.7.20 iRobot / Boeing Company 5-43 5.7.21 iRobot / Advanced Scientific Concepts 5-43 5.7.22 iRobot / TASER International, 5-44 5.8 Kongsberg 5-44 5.8.1 Increased Scope of Kongsberg CROWS II Framework Agreement 5-45 5.8.2 Kongsberg Ownership 5-45 5.8.3 Kongsberg Manufacturing locations 5-46 5.8.4 Kongsberg Operations Revenue 5-47 5.8.5 Kongsberg Employees 5-47 5.9 Lockheed Martin 5-48 5.9.1 Lockheed Martin Defense Department Positioning 5-49 5.10 Northrop Grumman 5-53 5.10.1 Northrop Grumman Remotec Robots 5-54 5.11 Qinetiq / Foster-Miller 5-55 5.11.1 QinetiQ UK MOD and the US DoD provide target markets 5-56 5.11.2 QinetiQ Revenue 2005-2009 5-58 5.11.3 QinetiQ North America 5-61 5.11.4 QinetiQ Revenue 5-64 5.11.5 QinetiQ UK 5-66 5.11.6 QinetiQ North America 5-66 5.11.7 QinetiQ Autonomy and Robotics 5-67 5.11.8 QinetiQ Group Revenues 5-68 5.11.9 QinetiQ Business Review Governance 5-70 5.11.10 QinetiQ Revenue By Customer 5-71 5.11.11 QinetiQ North America 5-73 5.12 QinetiQ North America / Foster-Miller 5-75 5.12.1 QinetiQ North America / Foster-Miller 5-77 5.12.2 QinetiQ Common Robotic Controller (CRC) 5-77 5.12.3 QinetiQ North America World-Class Technology 5-78 5.12.4 QinetiQ North America Technology Solutions Group 5-79 5.13 Robotic Technology Inc. 5-79 5.13.1 RTI Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot (EATR) Project 5-80 5.13.2 RTI Intelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer (IVTT) Program 5-81 5.13.3 Robotic Technology Precision Urban Hopper 5-84 5.13.4 Robotic Technology Robot 5-85 5.14 Telerob 5-85 5.14.1 Telerob - EOD / IEDD Equipment, EOD Robots and Vehicles 5-86 5.14.2 TEODor Heavy Duty Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Robot 5-87 5.14.3 Telerob Telemax High-Mobility EOD Robot 5-88 5.14.4 Telerob EOD / IEDD service vehicles 5-88 5.14.5 Telerob¡¯s Electrical Force-Reflecting-Manipulators (FRMs) 5-91 5.14.6 American Crane and Equipment Corp and Telerob Partnership 5-92 5.15 Versa / Allen-Vanguard 5-93 5.15.1 Allen Vanguard Trading Suspended on Stock 5-94 5.15.2 Allen Vanguard HAL® EOD/IEDD/ Search Tasks Hook and Line System 5-96 5.15.3 Versa / Allen Vanguard Equinox I 5-99 5.15.4 Versa / Allen Vanguard Field Test Set 5-100 5.15.5 Allen-Vanguard Revenue 5-100 5.16 VIA Technologies 5-103 5.16.1 VIA Technologies Complete Platform Provider 5-104 5.16.2 VIA Technologies Market Leadership 5-104 5.16.3 VIA Technologies Global Operations 5-105 5.16.4 VIA Technologies Meeting the Market Challenge 5-106 5.16.5 VIA Technologies Dynamic Fabless Business Model 5-107 5.17 Selected Manufacturers of Military Robots 5-107 5.18 Government Agencies and Other Organisations Using Military Robots 5-111 5.18.1 RTI Intelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer (IVTT) Program 5-114
Readers call for charity for family of Phuket murder victim
PHUKET: In response to recurring suggestions from readers that a donation channel be set up to raise funds to help the mother and two young children of murder victim Chauncy on BLR's 2009 National Employment Law Update
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Legal empirical researchers are part of a burgeoning movement, and Stanford Law School, an early pioneer, lies at its epicenter. A barber giving free haircuts - CompBob! (7/13/07)
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Good news for all those senior baby boomers out there or anyone else of seniority living in the UK. You may or may not be aware, but on Sunday 1st October 2006 an important change in UK employment law come into effect. The new legislation will offer hope to anybody who has felt they've been discriminated against in belief that they are too old to continue working. It is hoped that this new law will promote ageism to be as serious and as unacceptable as racism or sexism.
So what does this all mean? Well, one of the biggest changes to be implemented is employers will no longer be able to force compulsory retirement before an employee reaches 65. Before October 1st it was quite common for employers to set there basic retirement age at 60, but not anymore... However, it's unclear as yet whether the compulsory retirement age of 65 will remain or perhaps be scrapped altogether. Unfortunately, we won't find this out until 2011 when a formal review will take place.
Due to the ever lightly pension crisis facing many people living in the UK, the ability to work until 65 now offers some rest bite at least. That's not to say working that long is a good thing, as given the choice I'm sure most people would like to take earlier retirement, but at least seniors can no longer be discriminated against for working longer if they so choose.
While it's commonly thought the new ageism legislation will make a difference, it's a shame more wasn't done by removing the compulsory retirement age of 65 altogether.
About the Author
If you are over 50 and would like to find out more information relating to things that effect your life including hobbies, articles and chat then why not visit life-over-50.com There you'll be able to Prospect Seniors Online, chat to anyone of Baby Boomer Years and even make new Senior Pen Pals.
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Whats the best way to quit taking adderall for good?
I have been prescibed Adderall for 6 years and want to stop taking it. Its a huge hassle to call the doctor 24 hrs in advance and then go in person to get the refill.
I do construction work and take alot of pre-employment and random drug screens. It is a huge hassle to take the drug screen and then wait up to 3 days for the results to be confirmed by an MRO (medical review officer) All these places refuse your proof of medication when you take the drug screen due to what they claim is HIPPA law restrictions but force you to return 3 days later to show the same prescription bottles you tried to give them in the first place! Pharmacys wont fax the required information. My doctors office is too slow to respond.
The headaches far out weigh the benefits.
I am overwellmed by severe bouts of feeling sleepy when I stop taking it. I take two 20 mg tablets a day. One when I wake at 5am and 1 at lunch. I do not take illegal drugs or any other medications.
Thank you for any suggestions
U should talk directly to ur doc about this. Maybe they can help u make the whole process less of a headache. Ur best bet is to stay on it if u r constantly sleepy. Good luck!!!
Online Master's Degree - Increasing Your Competitive Advantage
Get the edge on others with a online master's degree program
Ever wondered why everyone else seems to be getting the promotions, while you're stuck with the same job and same salary? Have you heard rumors about possible cutbacks in your department and fear a job loss? The current downturned economy has caused many problems for people in the workforce. A strong defense is to make yourself an employee that's invaluable. You can do this by furthering your bachelor’s education the easy convenient way by getting a master's degree online.
Online Master's degree programs are offered in a variety of program courses. Regardless of what your interests may be, you'll be sure to find a master's degree online program that fits into your goals and lifestyle. Whether you've already decided you want to go back to school or are considering college for the first time, check out the many available master's degree programs online that best suits your interest and career. You'll suddenly have the edge on the other employees at work with your new designation or degree. Your boss and the management team will start to see you in a new light, realizing what an asset you are to the company.
What types of master's degree online programs are available?
You'll be happy to hear that there are a wide variety of courses and subjects you can pursue to earn your master's degree online. While your best advantage would be to pursue fields that seem to always have job security such as security, health care, law enforcement or education, there are new programs available in areas of computer security, IT, project management and more. Once you find an accredited master's degree online program, you'll have access to counselors that can give you all the information you need and help you make a career selection based on your interests, location and overall career goals.
Benefits of master's degree programs online
The internet is playing a large part in our lives today. More and more you're hearing people say they've earned their bachelor's or master's degree online. Master degree online programs offer you the opportunity to pursue an education while still working and not taking away time from your family. They offer programs and courses that are flexible and affordable. If you're already on a budget, earning your master's degree online is still very attainable. Many of the master degree programs online also offer financial aid so education is something everyone can afford.
The next time you hear rumors of possible job cuts, you'll have the security of knowing that you're trained to work in more than just one job. If you are forced to look for employment elsewhere, you'll have a degree to show a potential employer and give you an edge in your profession.
About the Author
Mary Jackson is a contributor for http://www.distance-learning-college-guide.com an online college resource for further education. Find more information on distance learning degrees including various online masters degrees that you can earn online at http://www.distance-learning-college-guide.com/online-masters-degree.html
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EasyToInsureME Individual Health Insurance Reform Weekly
Week of November 9, 2009
Given that the Senate is expected to require much more time than the House to vote on a health care bill (see below), it is likely there is not enough legislative time left in 2009 to wrap up a bill for Christmas delivery to the White House. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid fueled concerns about the schedule last week when he refused to commit publicly to passing an overhaul bill this year. This makes a "conference" between the House and Senate MORE likely in January 2010 THAN IN 2009, and that could require some time since the current House and Senate versions are vastly different on several key provisions. If the Conference pathway proves too contentious, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Reid could play legislative "ping-pong," whereby each Chamber makes a modest change and ships if off to the other, back and forth, until they both approve the same language.
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Late Saturday night the House of Representatives approved its version of health care reform by the slim margin of 220 to 215 (218 was the minimum needed). The core of the approved House bill remained unchanged from the version the Speaker introduced a few weeks ago and includes: an employer mandate to provide and pay for coverage; a fairly strong individual coverage requirement; a public plan option set up by government that would pay "negotiated" rates to providers; and insurance reforms, including guaranteed issue and modified community rating. It does not include the "Cadillac" plan tax or the insurer tax provisions currently in the Senate bill. The House bill would be paid for in part with cuts to Medicare Advantage and a surcharge on the "wealthy."
On the Senate side, Majority Leader Reid is waiting for the revenue score from CBO on several different Senate Bill scenarios, given that several Senators have publicly stated opposition to going forward without a hard and fast number on both cost and impact on bending the spending curve. He also needs this time to win over the 60 votes needed to even proceed with consideration of the bill, let alone the 60 needed to cut off debate once the debate begins; he may not have either right now. The earliest the Senate could start debate would be the week of November 16, but a date in December seems more likely. Approval of the House bill will surely put increased pressure on the Senate to move forward but to do so cautiously, given the slim voting margin in the House, as the issue moves closer to the finish line.
Bills to extend and expand COBRA have been introduced in both the House and Senate and could well be part of the final push on health care reform. Both versions extend the Special COBRA subsidy program from end of 2009 to June 30, 2010 and maintain the government's 65 percent subsidy. The Senate version increases this subsidy to 75 percent, and the House extends basic COBRA eligibility from 18 to 24 months. Given the unemployment numbers, it seems likely that, whether as part of health reform or on its own, a COBRA extension (including the subsidy) will be enacted in 2009.
States
ARIZONA: Governor Jan Brewer and legislative leaders have reached a tentative agreement to reconvene to address the projected 2010 budget shortfall, which ballooned from $1 billion in early September to $2 billion by the end of October. Although the governor favors a temporary tax increase to boost revenue, she is unlikely to float that idea this time around to help limit the length of the session. Governor Brewer is expected to announce her candidacy for re-election. Although the former lieutenant governor is now the incumbent and has never lost an election, she is viewed as vulnerable by some Republicans because of budget concerns and her continued focus on obtaining additional revenue through taxation.
CALIFORNIA: California’s state budget deficit could reach $7 billion for the current fiscal year in part because of recent court decisions blocking state funding cuts. For example, a federal judge recently blocked the state's plans to cut $80 million from its budget for In-Home Supportive Services, and Insurance Commissioner Steve Poizner has filed a suit to block the sale of part of the State Compensation Insurance Fund, which was projected to generate $1 billion. Some analysts project that the state’s budget deficit will range from $10 billion to $20 billion in the upcoming fiscal year. In other developments, Lt. Governor John Garamendi won a special election to fill the Congressional seat vacated by U.S. Representative Ellen Tauscher (D). Garamendi was elected lieutenant governor in 2006 after 16 years in the legislature and two terms as insurance commissioner.
COLORADO: Senator Betty Boyd, President Pro Tem and Chair of the Health and Human Services Committee, met with insurer representatives to highlight the issues likely to get attention in the upcoming session. A proposal to prohibit the use of gender in rating individual policies has a high likelihood of passing, she said. Senator Boyd also advised that efforts will be made to ensure that the Cover Colorado program remains solvent, as it has potential to be used as the state’s public plan option. Speculation has it that Colorado could become one of the first states to act on federal health care reform if it is enacted. Finally, she expressed a strong interest in authorizing the DOI to establish standardized policy forms.
DELAWARE: Department of Health and Social Services Secretary Rita M. Landgraf has issued an update to existing statutes adding virtual colonoscopy as an approved colorectal screening modality. Delaware law requires coverage for colorectal screening modalities and empowers the Secretary to add modalities as recommended by the Delaware Cancer Consortium. Accordingly, all contracts for health insurance issued, delivered or renewed after December 1, 2009 must include coverage for virtual colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Newly passed legislation requires individual and group health plans to provide coverage for orally administered chemotherapy medication in a manner no more restrictive than intravenously administered treatment or injected cancer medications. In other business, the Council of the District of Columbia confirmed Acting Commissioner Gennet Purcell as Commissioner for the District of Columbia Department of Insurance, Securities and Banking (DISB). Commissioner Purcell, who served as DISB’s Deputy Commissioner since 2008, is an attorney and member of both the State of Maryland Bar and the Commonwealth of Virginia Bar. As deputy, her primary responsibilities included oversight of the agency’s core functional areas, including the divisions of Insurance, Securities, Banking, Fraud Enforcement and Investigation, and Risk Finance.
GEORGIA: A meeting was held last week between health insurance representatives and the Chairman of the Senate Insurance Committee to discuss legislation for 2010 that would restrict rental networks. The Medical Association of Georgia also was represented. Aetna has committed to work with all interested parties on the legislation.
ILLINOIS: A fall veto session concluded at the end of October, and three health insurance bills of import passed both chambers. The first bill creates external review requirements for all commercial insurance products, rather than just HMOs, effective July 1, 2010. The bill also establishes committees to create a uniform small-employer group health status questionnaire and an individual health statement for use on January 1, 2011. The legislation also requires insurers to semi-annually prepare and provide the Department of Insurance a statement on aggregate administrative expenses and other information. It is a good compromise versus what was originally proposed. In addition, both chambers passed an orthotics and prosthetics mandate on health carriers and HMOs for policies amended, delivered, issued, or renewed six months after the effective date of the amendatory act. The third bill changed the requirements to obtain a producer license. The Illinois General Assembly is not expected to reconvene until January 2010.
MISSOURI: The Secretary of the State recently approved a ballot initiative proposal for the November 2010 ballot that would essentially eliminate network-based health care delivery in Missouri. The move follows unsuccessful efforts to enact an any-willing-provider bill in past legislative sessions.The petition effort behind the ballot initiative appears to have been spearheaded by a local surgical practice that has been excluded from the medical staffs of local hospitals. Any willing provider is only one portion of the proposal. It would apply to health carriers and health benefit plans, including Medicare and Medicaid, and facilities. It would, for example, prohibit carriers from: Imposing on a beneficiary any co-payment, fee, or condition that is not equally imposed on all other beneficiaries in the same benefit category, co-payment level, or class; prohibiting or limiting a provider from the opportunity to participate in the network if that provider is willing to accept the carrier’s operating terms and conditions, fee schedule, covered expenses, utilization and quality standards. The State Auditor is preparing an assessment of the fiscal impact of the proposed measure as well as a brief summary of the fiscal impact for the petition. Legal challenges to the ballot initiative are permitted. A group of stakeholders, including Aetna, are discussing strategy.
NEW JERSEY: Health insurance issues were front and center in a bitter battle for the governor's office, which ended last week when Republican candidate Chris Christie defeated Democratic Governor Jon Corzine. The governor-elect has publicly supported greater flexibility for carriers to make health coverage more affordable via mandate-free plan designs and interstate sales of health policies. The Democrats remain in firm control of the legislature, which will make the governor-elect's agenda an uphill battle. Also, the Department of Banking and Insurance (DOBI) adopted a regulation standardizing the information and format on health identification cards. Additionally, DOBI initiated a meeting with the state's major health plans seeking guidance as to how the state might proceed in limiting plans,’ and members,’ exposure to exorbitant out-of-network provider charges. This is one in a series of meetings aimed at developing consensus on an appropriate fee schedule or other mechanism for non-par provider charges. Lastly, the NJ Department of Health & Senior Services (DHSS) has launched a six-month Hospital Newborn Pilot Program. Nine hospitals throughout the state are participating in a pilot to ensure no newborn leaves the hospital without health insurance. The participating hospitals are expected to submit data to the DHSS.
NEW YORK: Governor David Paterson is calling for a special session to address the current state budget deficit. The Governor’s two-year, $5.2 billion Deficit Reduction Package would have a current-year impact of $3.2 billion in 2009-10 and a recurring impact of $2 billion in 2010-11. The components include across-the-board spending reductions and a tax penalty forgiveness program. The Governor indicated that his agenda will include a bill that would completely prohibit all subrogation (collateral source) recoveries on any insured or self-insured plans. The existing collateral source rule eliminates the potential windfall of double recoveries to plaintiffs who receive benefits and make recoveries from both their insurance coverage and defendant payments, while still ensuring that uncompensated losses are fully compensated. This subrogation legislation passed the Senate earlier this year, but it has not passed the Assembly. In other business, State Sen. Eric Schneiderman, chairman of the Codes Committee, and Sen. Neil Breslin, chairman of the Insurance Committee, introduced a bill known as "Ian's Law," which is named after a patient with muscular dystrophy. The proposed legislation would prohibit non-renewal of group policies and would require heath plans to get state Department of Insurance approval before discontinuing a class of insurance. The bill also would require plans to continue covering a totally disabled policyholder for 18 months, even if the plan gets state permission to cancel an entire class of policies.
About the Author
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WorkersCompensation.com NewsLine Video Report for 11/7/2006
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Entrepreneur’s guide to setting up a business in Singapore vs Malaysia
One of the key concerns for SMEs and business entrepreneurs who wish to establish a business is zeroing in on an ideal jurisdiction for their company incorporation. The crucial questions that concern company incorporation in any jurisdiction are: What are the statutory requirements to incorporate a company? What is the country's foreign ownership policy? Is the incorporation procedure simple or complex, time-consuming or quick? What is the cost of company incorporation? What are the compliances that the company needs to adhere to after incorporation? Is it easy for foreigners to relocate to a country for running the company?
Singapore. A local registered address (commercial or residential but no PO Box). At least one local resident director (a Singapore Citizen, a Singaporean Permanent Resident, a person who has been issued an Entrepass, Employment Pass, or Dependent Pass) and unlimited maximum number of directors. Directors must be at least 18 years of age and must not be bankrupt or convicted for any malpractices. Directors must be natural persons. A local resident and qualified company secretary who is a natural person and not a corporate. A minimum of 1 and maximum of 50 shareholders. A director and shareholder can be the same or different person. A shareholder can be an individual or corporate.
Minimum paid up capital of SGD 1.00. No authorized capital required. Malaysia. A local registered address. At least two local resident directors (a Malaysian Citizen or a Malaysian Permanent Resident, a person who has been issued an Employment Pass) and unlimited maximum number of directors. Directors must be at least 18 years of age and must not be bankrupt or convicted for any malpractices. Directors must be natural persons. A local resident company secretary who is a natural person and not a corporate. The company secretary must either be a member of a professional body prescribed by the Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs; or licensed by the Companies Commission of Malaysia. A minimum of two shareholders and maximum of 50 shareholders. A director and shareholder can be the same or different person. A shareholder can be an individual or corporate. A minimum authorised capital of RM 100,000 and paid-up Capital of RM 2.00.
Company registration in Singapore can be completed within 1 day. In Malaysia it takes 7-10 days to incorporate a company. Singapore. Fees for company incorporation with Companies Registrar: SGD 315. Fees for company registration with tax department: None. Malaysia. Fees for company incorporation with Companies Commission varies depending on the amount of authorized capital and can range from SGD 400 to SGD 28,000. Fees for company registration with tax department: None. Singapore. Annual returns along with audited annual accounts must be filed with Companies Registrar within 1 month of the Annual General Meeting. Tax returns along with audited accounts must be filed with the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore by 31 October each year.
Malaysia. Annual returns along with audited annual accounts must be filed with the Companies Commission within 1 month of the Annual General Meeting. Note: Exempt private companies (not more than 20 shareholders and shares are not held by another company) need not file audited accounts. However, they are required by law to maintain their audited accounts for inspection by the authorities at any given time. Every company must keep accounting and other records as are necessary to explain the transactions and financial position of the company and to allow a profit and loss account and a balance sheet to be prepared.
Singapore. A company shall appoint an auditor within 3 months from the date of incorporation, unless it is exempted from audit requirements under Section 205B, or 205C, of the Companies Act. Malaysia. Every company must appoint one or more auditors who must be approved auditors in Malaysia. Appointment of auditors must be done before the first Annual General Meeting.
Although it is relatively easy to set up a business in Singapore and Malaysia, there are certain key differentiators between both the jurisdictions for company set up. Singapore is known for its ease of company set up which can be completed within 1 day, as compared to the 7-10 days norm of Malaysia. Moreover, a Singapore company can be registered with a fee of SGD 315. This is significantly low when compared to the registration fee for a Malaysian company which ranges from SGD 400 to SGD 28,000 depending on the company's authorized capital. Last but not the least; it is easier for foreign investors to satisfy the eligibility criteria for Singapore work passes as compared to the requirements for a valid Malaysian work visa. Thus, Singapore offers a better business environment for company incorporation as compared to Malaysia.
About the Author
To learn more about setting up a company in Singapore, refer to Singapore Company Setup guide. You can also learn about Singapore’s low tax regime, referring to Singapore Taxation guide.
Audio 4a -The Corrupted Dictators - dignity of employment
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[mage lang="" source="flickr"]california employment law posters[/mage]
The California Workplace Labor Law Posters
In California, employers have rules and regulations related to the workplace and they are displayed in theCalifornia labor law posters. Employers are strict about the various laws and try to enforce them in their businesses so that employees do their work properly to achieve the business goals and likewise these laws make the employees aware of the different labor laws affecting them. Labor laws are stringent in every country and America is no exception as is amply displayed by the labor law posters and Californialabor law postersrelated to the workplace has all the laws concerning an organization.
It is mandatory in America, for all the businesses and organizations across the country to put up these labor law posters and California too has to follow the rules as employees have a right to know about their rights and organizations similarly have to tell the employees about their duties and laws related to the workplace. It is in a way beneficial for both the parties and goes a long way in building the relationship between the two as both of them are aware of their responsibilities. The labor laws get updated from time to time and it is the duty of the organizations to inform the employees about them. The California labor law posters contain information regarding different labor laws.
The State of California has California Labor Law Posters for all businesses big or small and organizations and safety postersfor workplace safety are required to put them up in places in the workplace where employees can see and read them easily. It concerns them basically and so it can be said that the labor law posters are meant for the employees. There are labors laws that need to be adopted by businesses where the employer has 50 or more employees working under him and in such workplaces posters are must. There are separate labor laws for the minors and adults and they are displayed in the organizations through California labor law posters. Labor lawposters are well designed and neatly written in a simple language that can be understood by all he employees. They are pasted in places within the organization where the employees gather on a daily basis so that they can get all the necessary information they require related to the various labor laws.
About the Author
IDSTC provides MLM Software , Network marketing software for MLM, direct sales industry. Get business solutions with Multi Level Marketing Software, Direct Sales Software, party plan software .
Federal Minimum Wage Posting Changes, July 2009
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[mage lang="" source="flickr"]california employment law holidays[/mage] In california is christmas day a paid holiday?.?
I work for a small family business and work around 30-40 hrs a week and I didn't get paid for christmas. People are telling me that I should get paid for that day. I don't know if its a employment law regarding this or not. I have been there for about 4 months now and won't be considered for any type of beneftis until the 6 month mark.
It depends on the company or business you work for. Some pay for holidays like Christmas, Easter ,even 4th of July and some count it as just a day off. It's not a "legal" obligation unless you work for the government or a business who states it pays you for those holidays even if you are closed for business.
San Francisco Immigration Attorney - Happy Holiday - Immigration lawyer
Computer programmer among 3 detained Pakistanis in New York
One of the three Pakistani men detained by US authorities investigating the failed Times Square car bombing is a computer programmer, one a gas station attendant and the third a cabdriver. 1/2 - NO ON ONE - The Campaign to Protect Marriage Equality in Maine - Part One
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How Do I Make Sure My Restaurant is Following IRS Tip Reporting Guidelines for 2010? + 5 Ways to Stay Informed
How Do I Make Sure My Restaurant is Following IRS Tip Reporting Guidelines for 2010?
As a restaurant or bar owner, you know the importance of staying abreast of tip and tax related laws? How do you do that? Tips are subject to the full range of employment and withholding taxes. They are compensation received for services rendered by your employees.
Here are the Top 3 reasons to make sure you are up on the IRS guidelines for the Form 8027, “Employer’s Annual Information Return of Tip Income and Allocated Tips, with the IRS.”
You operate a business where food or beverage tipping is customary
you have greater than 10 employees
Your food or beverage is sold for consumption on the premises
For a complete guide on tip income reporting rules from the IRS, read the instructions for IRS Form 8027 and Publication 15, IRS Employer’s Tax Guide. You may find printable pdf versions of all of the publications listed here by going online and searching for “IRS form _______” with the form number in the blank space.
Here are some other Forms and Reports that you should consider using with your Restaurant payroll:
On the “Employee’s Report of Tips to Employers,” you, the restaurant owner, receives written proof each payroll period of the of employee’s tips.
2. FICA Tip Credit. IRS Form 8826. This tax credit is a “general business credit.” Your restaurant may be able to reduce federal income taxes by the amount of FICA (Social Security and Medicare) taxes paid to employees on certain tips. These FICA tax payments have to do with FICA taxes you pay on tips beyond those tips used as a “tip credit” to meet your requirement to pay employees the federal minimum wage. This is the 45(B) credit. In order to properly calculation this, it is a good practice to use an experienced restaurant payroll company who has the software and experience calculating payroll tips, and the review of an cpa with restaurant tax experience.
Now that you have details on Tax Tip Reporting, we want to give you practical resources to stay abreast of the payroll tax filing requirements.
5 WAYS TO STAY INFORMED:
Besides understanding the tax laws in detail, it is helpful to have a network of experts to get answers from. Here are 5 ways successful restaurant owners and managers stay informed:
Become a member of a major restaurant industry association, such the National Restaurant Association or your state organization, such as the California Restaurant Association. Even your city may have a local chapter. For example, San Diego has a local chapter of the CRA. They have mixers and meetings. Go with the intention of making 10 to 20 good contacts with non-competing restaurant owners, so that you may share industry knowledge.
Other times, you can post to the group and get answers the next day.
You should also use the services of a good cpa, and abookkeeping and accounting service, often with QuickBooks® experience, who is knowledgeable in the tax laws surrounding the restaurant and food service industry.
Specialists in the restaurant industry will have training, tools and education specific to restaurant payroll taxation.
And, remember to read and stay informed. You are on the internet reading this article. You may find relevant article sites and blogs, bookmark them, and check back once a month for new information. Or, you can subscribe to RSS feeds from these sites to be kept up-to-date-on the latest information.
We hope this information is helpful to your restaurant business!
For more information, and to see how to better streamline the payroll tax and administrative side of the business, you may contact Pink Payroll. We can answer a few questions, or provide you with a Quick Quote.
Tax laws change frequently, so use this information, but make your final business decision taking into account the current advice of your cpa and payroll service. The information contained herein is for informational and educational purposes only, and not tax filing purposes.
About the Author
Erica Phillips is a graduate of San Diego State University, Business Administration. She has received honors for volunteer work, including a Congressional Medal presented in Washington, DC for Volunteer work. After positions as a marketing executive at Carnation (Nestle SA) and other corporate marketing, finance and sales positions, she has been an entrepreneur for over 15 years. She advises businesses on marketing, finance and budgeting as it relates to payroll services.
[mage lang="" source="flickr"]employment law custom and practice[/mage] Employment Law -Contract Question?
I have worked for my employer for several years, though I have never been given a formal contract, so as I understand it my 'implied contract' is based on any documents given during the course of my employment and also the custom and practice of the firm. I have recently been asked to work at a time that not I nor anybody else has ever been asked to work, I understand this to be a breach of my implied contract, so I lodged a complaint, to which I anticipate a less than favourable response. My question is, would my employer be able to force me to sign a new contract which force me to do this?
No, your employer cannot change your hours unless you agree,however if because of current economic climate,they ask all workforce to change hours,then majorirty vote counts.Employment law states that all workers must receive "Contract of employment", coourts will also take into account your "historical" hours worked.contact your nearest citizens advice burueau if you have any problems.
[mage lang="" source="flickr"]employment law bank holidays[/mage] does anyone know employment law....on potential unlawful sacking?
my son told a white lie to have a long weekend with his family-his, and booked 2 days annual leave, the boss who is also the owner of the company was constantly ringing him during that time but my son didn't respond. when he returned to work his boss had obviously been checking on my son's story and wanted my son to sign a statement admitting to this, my son refused. my son has also asked for 2 day annual at bank holiday but the boss has refused again saying that noone else is as experienced as him at that time although this is rubbish. | think he is waiting for my son to walk out.
I think you have a good case for constructive dismissal. The fact that your son had to lie in order to secure a holiday indicates to me that he works under conditions that are abhorrent. Perhaps he broke rules in terms of notice of holiday.
I could understand his boss' grievance if your son was pretending to be ill. However your boss has no rights to check up at all on your son's free time if he has granted holiday.
The statement that your boss asked your son to sign is crucial. Even though your son refused to sign it, do everything you can to obtain a copy of that statement. it is likely to be poorly worded and incriminating to your son's boss. Then look up in the phone book or listen to adverts on local radio and find a solicitor who advertise a no fee no win basis. They are likely to give you a free half hours advice. However when you make the appointment exaggerated your claim otherwise they will not take you seriously. Take anyone you know with you who you trust and feel may understand the law.
If you feel I have been helpful contact me.
Haleigh Cummings:Nancy Grace, Misty Croslin and her various recent interviews.
U.S. News Takes Steps to Stop Law Schools From Manipulating the Rankings
U.S. News will stop providing methodology information to law schools. Legal News Headlines 4.28.2010
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Are any of you curious as to what is going on with a second unemployment extension?
Unemployment Extension
Monday November 17, 2008
November 17 Update: The National Employment Law Project is asking for assistance in getting the Senate to pass an unemployment extension. They suggest calling 1-800-473-6711, asking to speak with your Senators’ offices, and telling them that unemployment is a national crisis and that you need them to pass the Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2008.
The president signed it into law Thursday and they are supposed to begin the second extension Nov. 23rd...
Law Videos - Employment Law - Chapter 6
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[mage lang="" source="flickr"]employment law courses australia[/mage] Best way for an American to get a job in Adelaide, South Australia?
I would very much like to move from the US to Adelaide, South Australia. It is my understanding that it is very difficult for an American to gain employment in Australia, so the better course of action is to acquire residency and then look for a job. However, and here is where the Catch-22 comes into play, in order to qualify for a visa, one must have a potential employer act as a sponsor.
I am 29 years old and have a law degree. If anyone has any relevant advice on how I might be able to secure some sort of employment, without having to acquire residency and risk not finding a job, I would greatly appreciate it.
It's not accurate to say that you must have a sponsoring employer to qualify for a visa. If you can pass the points test for an independent visa, you are free to come here and find employment after you arrive.
At 29, I assume that you have several years experience and this should make it possible for you to pass the points test with sufficient points for an independent visa.
Here are some specific links to guide you:
http://www.immi.gov.au/skilled/general-skilled-migration/skilled-occupations/index.htm
http://www.immi.gov.au/skilled/general-skilled-migration/175/eligibility-applicant.htm . This is the points test. You would need to take an IELTS test and score at least 7s across the 4 areas in order to get the maximum 25 points, but that should be no problem for a silver tongued American lawyer. Note that 29 is the cutoff for the highest 'age' points so you'll need to get a move on with your visa application.
http://www.immi.gov.au/allforms/booklets/books6.htm
As part of your visa application, you can elect to have your details placed on the Skill Matching Database which will improve your chances of finding employment before you come. You'll also find it easier to find work once your visa application is well underway and if you don't need for a prospective employer to go to the effort of actually sponsoring you.
Pendlebury Employment Law - Policy & Procedure
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The new Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (HIRE Act), signed by President Obama March 18, creates new tax breaks... Prop 8 Trial Re-enactment, Day 2 Chapter 4
The Canadian government has passed a new citizenship law that resolves a variety of issues about Canadian citizenship (Bill C-37). Buried in that law is a provision that has passed unnoticed, until now, which puts limitations on the Canadian citizenship rights of some internationally adopted children. Recent articles in the National Post, the Globe & Mail and the Ottawa Citizen have brought these provisions to the attention of the adoption community.
Although this new law came into effect on April 17, 2009, I hope it is not too late for adopting parents to express their views. Also read Complex Citizenship Laws Anger Adopting Parents). The provisions of the new law are complex, so I have set out a series of questions and answers at the end of this article, which I hope will clarify the finer points of the new rules.
A good way to begin understanding the issues is to read the newspaper articles "Critics Fear Two-Tier Citizenship" and "Citizenship Changes Could Create Inferior Citizens". For the perspective of Robin Hilborn of Family Helper, see "Canadian law denies citizenship to children of foreign adoptees" http://www.familyhelper.net/news/090129citizenship.html
Essentially the legislation provides that the children of some internationally adopted children will not have a right to Canadian citizenship. In practice, this is likely to affect only a small proportion of all adopted children. What upsets adopting parents, however, is the notion that their children will have a lesser class of citizenship. In effect, the children are being discriminated against. Adopting parents do not want to feel that their children are second-class citizens.
Adopting parents in Canada are losing their tolerance for being discriminated against. Resentment at the inherent discrimination against adopting families built into the EI legislation has been simmering for the past decade (for a detailed description of the discrimination which adopting parents feel about this subject, see our earlier Spotlight, "Adoption in the Workplace"). Now a new law that discriminates against their children is going to have a galvanizing effect on the adoption community.
The Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration, 2008, begins with the following words:
"The Citizenship Act, under which CIC grants citizenship to eligible newcomers, affirms that all Canadians have the same rights, privileges and responsibilities whether they are citizens by birth or naturalization."
That changed April 17, 2009. In an attempt to solve the problem of Canadian citizenship being handed down generationally to people who don't actually live in Canada, the government has reduced the citizenship rights of some internationally adopted children, and effectively created a lesser class of citizenship for them. Was this really necessary? It feels like a sledgehammer was used to kill a flea. Could not a more elegant solution have been found to actually deal with the perceived problem?
The Report of the Senate Standing Committee, which reviewed Bill C-37, states:
"Such a distinction would grant citizenship to a first generation born outside Canada while denying it to their children and subsequent generations were they to be born abroad. Such a provision strikes your Committee as arbitrary and unfair."
The Committee also added: "Rather, the Committee urges the government to ensure that all aspects of new citizenship legislation are Charter-compliant and consistent with Canadian values".
As a result of concerns by the Immigration Department about the confusion surrounding the new law, it recently issued a clarification.
In a published response to the concerns of adopting parents, the Minister states:
"Critics have entirely missed the point of how changes to our citizenship law, which come into effect on April 17, 2009, will protect the value of citizenship."
I don't think that is true. Adopting parents probably do understand the concerns that the government has about protecting the integrity of Canadian citizenship. It is the specific solution, which the government has come up with that they are protesting.
It is an insult to adopting parents to say that their children now have a lesser class of Canadian citizenship. The government needs to rethink these provisions and find a solution that does not put limitations on the rights of citizenship for internationally adopted children. The government should find a solution which fits the actual problem. This article is a call to action for adopting parents. Adopting parents who wish to make their views known to the government should do so immediately. Prior to doing so, however, please read the questions and answers set out below. The law is quite technical and there is already confusion about who the law would apply to. This is not helped by the government's own website, which is not clear. If, after reading the article and the new rules, additional questions arise that should be asked in the list below, please send them to me and I will add them to the article.
For the purposes of this article, I will use the terms Class A citizenship to refer to full-rights citizenship and Class B to refer to the new, lesser-rights citizenship.
Q1. Who does the new law apply to? A. The new law applies to adopted children who receive their citizenship abroad, pursuant to the new direct citizenship provisions enacted in Canada on December 23, 2007. [See also Q10 below]
Q2.Who is not subject to the new rules? A. The new rules do not apply to the following:
(a) adopted children born in Canada;
(b) Internationally adopted children who come to Canada on a permanent resident visa and subsequently obtained Canadian citizenship after their arrival in Canada. Up until now this has been the situation of most (but not all) children adopted overseas and brought to Canada. They will not be affected by the new rule, despite what it says on the Canada Immigration website. The web posting "New Citizenship Rules" states: "This limitation will also apply to foreign-born individuals adopted by a Canadian parent. The adopted children of Canadian citizens will be considered to be the first generation born abroad. This means that: If a person born outside Canada and adopted by a Canadian parent has a child outside Canada, that child will not be a citizen by birth;........"
This information is misleading. In a clarifying email from the Ministry of Citizenship & Immigration (which doesn't seem to be posted anywhere at the moment), an official makes it clear that the restriction on obtaining Canadian citizenship only applies to situations described in the above quote and where the parent of the child born outside of Canada originally was granted Canadian citizenship overseas pursuant to the new 2007 direct to citizenship route. This misstatement on the government website has caused some parents to believe that the new law will apply to their children, when in fact it will not.
(c) The new law will not apply to children who would normally fall into the Class B citizenship definition, but whose parent is working overseas with the Canadian government (Federal or Provincial) or serving overseas in the armed forces. Instead, these children will have Class A citizenship. However, children whose parents are working for Canadian corporations, the United Nations, who are on vacation, or who are otherwise travelling outside of Canada do not get this exemption and will have Class B citizenship. This is a distinction which is hard to justify. If you work for one kind of employer your children are Class A citizens, and if you work for a different kind of employer your children are Class B citizens. Surely there is a better way to sort this out.
Q3. What is the most serious consequence of this new law? A The most serious consequence that is evident at this time is that a child born overseas to an adopted person has a reasonable chance of being a "stateless individual" (this would be the adopting parents' grandchild). This leads to a number of questions:
(a) Why would this happen? - Only some countries grant citizenship to a child born in their country (Canada and the USA being examples of countries that do that). Many countries rely on the citizenship of the child's parents or some other criteria. The child would be born stateless if they did not derive a citizenship through either parent and they are also born in a country where birth on soil does not give access to citizenship. As a stateless person, the child would have no obvious way to come to Canada.
(b) Is there a remedy? - A child of a Canadian who was born stateless abroad would have the option of applying for a grant of citizenship on the basis of statelessness. The amended Citizenship Act has provisions for granting citizenship to stateless children of Canadian citizens, but the child must first live in Canada for three years. This stateless child would have neither a passport nor a right to enter Canada, so it is not even clear how the child could travel to Canada to establish residence. One can only hope that there will be a benevolent immigration officer overseas who has empathy for the predicament that the Class B Canadian citizen finds himself in, and will grant the stateless child some sort of visa to come to Canada. This event will be 20, 30 or 40 years into the future. It is hard to predict what the world will look like then in terms of population and pressures on the Canadian immigration system. What will immigration officers say to a Class B Canadian citizen in 30 years who wants to bring their stateless child back to Canada? Adopting parents today will be the grandparents of that child. We can all hope it's a sympathetic response.
(c) Any born-abroad Canadian adopting parents could immediately face the problem outlined in (b) above. Again, this is because the provisions of the new law apply to children born outside of Canada as well as to those adopted.
Q4. What happens if my adopted child has Class B Canadian citizenship and gives birth to a child overseas? A That child, your grandchild, will not acquire Canadian citizenship. He or she may be eligible to be sponsored as a permanent resident, and then apply for citizenship as soon as he or she becomes a permanent resident.
Q5. How does it work for subsequent generations? Do they have Class A or Class B Canadian citizenship? A Generational Chart Showing Whether Descendants have Class A or B Canadian Citizenship Rights:
ParentsChild
First Generation (Adopting Parents)
N/A
Second Generation (your adopted child)
If this child receives Canadian Citizenship overseas under the 2007 law, he/she will have Class B Canadian Citizenship
Third Generation (your grandchild)
If the child of the adopted child above is born outside of Canada, he/she will not be entitled to automatic Canadian Citizenship. The child may apply to enter Canada on a Permanent Resident Visa. If he/she subsequently obtains Canadian Citizenship, then it will be a Class A Citizenship.
Fourth Generation (your great-grandchild)
The child of this Class A citizen parent, if born inside Canada, (the Adoptive Parents' great-grandchild) will have Class A Citizenship.
Q6. Can I do anything to avoid this new law if I am going to adopt a child in the future? A Yes you can. Do not use the new direct citizenship route for children adopted overseas. Only use the old route of applying for a permanent resident visa for the child, and after the child is landed in Canada apply for Canadian citizenship. This child will have a Class A Canadian citizenship.
Adopting parents report that they are consistently advised by Canada Immigration officials to use the new direct citizenship route. Anyone considering which route to follow should read our previous Spotlight - Citizenship for Adopted Children: Canada's New Law for 2008. In addition, adopting parents should obviously think about whether they wish their children to have Class B Canadian citizenship, and what effect that might have on their grandchildren.
Q7. Does the new law contravene the Charter of Rights? A I don't know. The government has not invoked the "Notwithstanding Clause" under the Constitution of Canada, so the Charter does apply to this legislation. In the 1998 McKenna case, the Canadian Human Rights Code was used to say that it was discriminatory to adopted children not to be able to obtain citizenship overseas. It was this case that 10 years later finally led to the new citizenship law of 2007 permitting just that. On the other hand, adopting parents were not successful in invoking the Charter of Rights to overturn the inherent discrimination in the EI legislation in the 1997 Schafer case. It does seem likely that eventually someone will challenge this notion of Class B citizenship for adopted children under the Charter of Rights. A Charter challenge could also come based on discrimination against persons born abroad to Canadian citizen parents.
Q8. Are the new rules retroactive? A Section 3 (4) of the Citizenship Act states:
"Subsection (3) does not apply to a person who, on the coming into force of that subsection, is a citizen."
What does this clause mean? It means that if you are a citizen on the day the new law comes into force, then you will not lose your citizenship. Unfortunately, the Immigration Department is interpreting this to mean that a person will not lose their Canadian citizenship, but the new provisions will change the quality of your citizenship.
So, for the adoption world, the law will be retroactive and will have the following three results:
(a) Children who have been adopted and obtained their Canadian citizenship overseas since December 23, 2007 will have their Canadian citizenship downgraded from Class A to Class B on April 17, 2009. This will come as an unhappy surprise to Canadian adopting parents, who have pursued the direct citizenship route as a result of non-stop directions from Canada Immigration officials to adopting parents to take the new route; and
(b) Adopting Parents who were born to Canadian parents overseas and acquired Canadian citizenship as a result. Any adopting parents in this category will have their citizenship changed from Class A to Class B on April 17, 2009. As a result, when they adopt overseas, their children are not entitled to direct Canadian citizenship. Their only route will be to sponsor the child as a landed immigrant, obtain a permanent resident visa, and subsequently apply for Canadian citizenship.
(c) Adopting Parents who were adopted overseas themselves as a child, and then became Canadian citizens through the Permanent Resident Visa process. The new law will NOT affect these adopting parents as they have Class A citizenship. Their adopted children will be eligible for direct citizenship (albeit Class B). If these adopting parents use the Permanent Resident Visa process, however, their adopted child will have Class A Canadian citizenship.
A CIC official has verbally confirmed that these provisions are retroactive. We have requested that the government confirm to us, in writing, that the law is retroactive. We will update this section when we receive the government's written answer.
Q9. Does this new law only apply to adopted children? A No, in addition to adopted children, the new rules apply to children born outside of Canada, unless their parent(s) fit within a specific definition. In addition, Bill C-37 (the new law) also deals with many other citizenship issues unrelated to adoption.
Q10. If I am adopting parent who was born abroad to Canadian parents, can I adopt overseas? A You can adopt, but if you are single you will not be able to use the direct citizenship route. Your child will have to be admitted to Canada with a PR Visa. The reason for this is that the new law applies to children of Canadians born to Canadians overseas, as well as to those adopted overseas. However, if you are married to a Class A Canadian citizen, then you will be able to use the direct citizenship route.
Q11. Is there any "patch" that the government could use to repair this law? A The application of the new law should be suspended until the adoption community has a real chance to have input, and perhaps a better solution is found. One suggestion being proposed would provide an exception to the new law if the adopted child lived in Canada for a certain unspecified period of time. In other words, the child would start with Class B Canadian citizenship, and if the child eventually qualified by living in Canada for a certain period of time, they would graduate to Class A Canadian citizenship. Whether this would be a satisfactory solution for Canadian adopting parents remains to be seen. Note: These concerns are not limited to children adopted abroad, but also apply to children born abroad. The implications of this law are likely to be seen more immediately for born-abroad Class B citizens than adopted-abroad Class B citizens.
Q12. Why was the adoption community in Canada not consulted before this law was brought into force? A The adoption community in Canada was unaware of these new rules until articles appeared in the press in mid-January, 2009. How did this happen? - Bill C-37 received royal assent on April 17, 2008. It came into force on the first anniversary of that date, April 17, 2009. For over a year preceding the passing of the new law, the government consulted with various interest groups who could be affected by changes to the Citizenship Act. It does not appear to have been made clear, however, that a Class B citizenship would be created for children adopted overseas. On December 13, 2008, the regulations under this new Act were published in the Canada Gazette, and provided for a 30-day comment period. Unfortunately, this comment period extended over the Christmas and New Year's vacation and expired in early January. Buried in the comment attached to the Canada Gazette was the statement , "The aforementioned limitation will also apply to foreign-born persons adopted by a Canadian parent". It was only when these proposed regulations were published that one person noticed this and has been raising an alarm for the past few weeks.
Surely, if the Government of Canada was going to do something as dramatic as create Class B citizenship rules for adopted children in this country, it is incumbent on them to really bring this to the attention of adopting parents, the Adoptive Families Association, the Provincial Adoption Bureaus, Adoption Agencies across Canada, and the Adoption Council of Canada. It is incredibly dismissive of the adoption community to have been treated in this manner by the government.
Q13. What can I do to stop this new law? A Perhaps nothing. The new law (Bill C-37) has been passed, given Royal assent, and the regulations under it are in force. Some parents are currently considering filing a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission. And, of course, someone with deep pockets could take a Charter of Rights challenge to try to have the law declared unconstitutional. On the other hand, perhaps adopting parents in Canada can speak out with one voice and object to what has happened. Adopting parents in Canada represent a potent political force. To date, this has been largely untapped. It is time that the Canadian adoption community make its influence felt. There is no reason why we cannot have an Adoption Caucus of MPs and Senators who listen to what's important to the adoption community in Canada. The natural focus of these efforts could be the Adoption Council of Canada, which can harness some of the tremendous energy and opinions of adopting parents in this country. Hopefully, this issue of Class B Canadian citizenship for some internationally adopted children will provide a focus for adopting parents to work together.
In the meantime, parents who wish to comment on what has happened should contact their Member of Parliament and the Adoption Council of Canada.
About the Author
Mr. Douglas Chalke has been the Executive Director of Sunrise Family Services Society (a British Columbia government licensed adoption agency) since its inception twelve years ago. Mr. Chalke has considerable experience with international adoption and has visited orphanages and government ministries across the world. Mr. Chalke is an administrator with many years experience assisting children to find homes in Canada, and in assessing, educating and approving the families who are going to provide those homes.
HR 3017, Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2009: Brad Sears
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First, Responder, Homeland Security, And Law Enforcement Robots Market Shares, Strategies, And Forecasts, Worldwide, 2010 To 2016-Aarkstore Enterprise
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Worldwide markets are poised to achieve significant growth as the first responder and homeland security ground robots are used globally. Growth comes as the border patrols and law enforcement agencies use robots to achieve broader security in a less expensive manner, delivering the promise of automated process in yet another industry. First responder robots bring changes in every region while the globally integrated enterprise replaces nationalistic dominance, creating broader cooperative police actions that replace nationalistic wars. These police actions are aimed against the bad guys.
This cost is creating resistance among the agencies to spend such a large amount for what is seen as a device that gives little return in comparison to what a person can do all year. Costs of robots are expected to decrease rapidly in the next year, creating a much larger market than exists now. The current market at $203 million does provide a significant base for solid growth.
Vendors of homeland security and first responder robots have positioned to provide a common framework through which federal, state, local, and tribal governments can address emergencies. US federal first responder agencies are negotiating agreements with state and local government law enforcement groups to share equipment. First responder robots cost $50,000 and up, the cost of a person for one year.
Whereas a person can patrol and investigate, a first responder robot able to sniff for explosives is not justified in high quantity. .a few shared units go a long way in detecting explosives.
The challenge for vendors is to find applications where the robot is used 24x7 365 days per year. Then there is payback. An exception is an airport and a border patrol crossing point where there is continuous need to sniff for explosives.
First responder and homeland security robots are useful as patrol units. Just as foot police and patrol cars look for dangerous situations, so also a first responder robot can patrol an area with cameras and chemical sensors. First responder and homeland security robot automation of the defense process is the next wave of first responder and homeland security evolution. As automated systems and networking complement the Internet , communication is facilitated on a global basis. The first responder and homeland security charter is shifting to providing protection against terrorists and people seek to maintain a safe, mobile, independent lifestyle. Much of the first responder and homeland security mission is moving to adopt a police force training mission, seeking to achieve protection of civilian populations on a worldwide basis.
According to Susan Eustis, the lead author of the study, "the purchase of First responder and homeland security Robots s is dependent on budget constraints. The use of First responder and homeland security Robots s is based on providing a robot that is less expensive to put in the field than a trained soldier. That automation of process has appeal to those who run the first responder and homeland security.
Robots are automating first responder and homeland security ground systems, permitting vital protection of police officers and people in the field, creating the possibility of reduced fatalities in this profession. Mobile robotics operate independently of the operator.
The innovation coming from all the vendors is astounding. No one innovation is more significant than another. One vendor, BAE Systems has an ant size robot useful for reconnaissance and networking robots in development. As soldiers take up secure positions behind a wall, they deploy a small reconnaissance team. The initial deployment is poised to be a very, very small reconnaissance team. Some hopping, some flying, the stealthy autonomous reconnaissance squad vanishes into a suspicious building for several minutes, then relays the all-clear back to its partners outside when that is the case.
Use of remote-control toys in Iraq started as improvised robots to check out possible roadside bombs. There has since been a flurry of activity on the robotic explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) front since that early beginning. Deliveries of smaller and cheaper Bots are anticipated.
The emergence of a market for intelligent, mobile robots for use in the field and the confined areas of city fighting presents many opportunities. Units used in public spaces and on the border create a better, more flexible, more cost efficient first responder and homeland security.
Technology is used to actuate the disparate robot types. Core robotics research and advances in robotic technology can be applied across a variety of robotic form factors and robotic functionality. Advances feed on and off of each other. With each new round of innovation, a type of technological cross pollination occurs that improves existing robotic platforms and opens up other avenues where intelligent mobile robots can be employed, effectively creating new markets.
Roboticists are more advanced in their training and in the tools available to create units. First responder and homeland security robots have evolved from units used in the field to manage different situations that arise. Robots save lives..
Robotic security systems have an emphasis on causality reduction during law enforcement activities. This has resulted in investment in robotics technology that is useful. Robotic research is on the fast track for government spending. First responder and homeland security ground robot market forecast analysis indicates that vendor strategy is to pursue developing new applications that leverage leading edge technology. Robot solutions are achieved by leveraging the ability to innovate, to bring products to market quickly. First responder and homeland security purchasing authorities seek to reduce costs through design and outsourcing. Vendor capabilities depend on the ability to commercialize the results of research in order to fund further research. Government funded research is evolving some more ground robot capability.
Markets at $203.1 million in 2009 are anticipated to reach $3.7 billion by 2016.
Report Methodology
This is the 435th report in a series of primary market research reports that provide forecasts in communications, telecommunications, the Internet, computer, software, telephone equipment, health equipment, and energy. Automated process and significant growth potential are a priorities in topic selection. The project leaders take direct responsibility for writing and preparing each report. They have significant experience preparing industry studies. Forecasts are based on primary research and proprietary data bases.
The primary research is conducted by talking to customers, distributors and companies. The survey data is not enough to make accurate assessment of market size, so It looks at the value of shipments and the average price to achievem market assessments. Our track record in achieving accuracy is unsurpassed in the industry. We are known for being able to develop accurate market shares and projections. This is our specialty.
The analyst process is concentrated on getting good market numbers. This process involves looking at the markets from several different perspectives, including vendor shipments. The interview process is an essential aspect as well. We do have a lot of granular analysis of the different shipments by vendor in the study and addenda prepared after the study was published if that is appropriate.
Forecasts reflect analysis of the market trends in the segment and related segments. Unit and dollar shipments are analyzed through consideration of dollar volume of each market participant in the segment. Installed base analysis and unit analysis is based on interviews and an information search. Market share analysis includes conversations with key customers of products, industry segment leaders, marketing directors, distributors, leading market participants, opinion leaders, and companies seeking to develop measurable market share.
Table of Contents :
FIRST RESPONDER ROBOT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1 First Responder, Homeland Security, and Law Enforcement Robots Market Driving Forces ES-1 Homeland Security And Police Ground Robots ES-2 Robots Operate Independently ES-2 Homeland Security Law Enforcement And First Responder Ground Robots Market Shares ES-5 Homeland Security Law Enforcement And First Responder Ground Robots Market Forecasts ES-6
1. FIRST RESPONDER ROBOTS MARKET DESCRIPTION AND MARKET DYNAMICS 1-1 1.1 First Responders 1-1 1.1.1 First Responder Need for Robots 1-2 1.2 First Responder Robot Border Patrol 1-3 1.2.1 Border Patrol and Homeland Security 1-5 1.3 Delivering Robotic Capabilities to Combat Teams 1-6 1.4 Military Robot Scope 1-7 1.4.1 Military Robot Applications 1-8 1.5 Army's G8 Futures office 1-11 1.5.1 Delivering Capabilities to the Army's Brigade Combat Teams 1-13 1.5.2 Transition Between The Current Market And Where The Market Is Going 1-14 1.5.3 Different Sizes of UGVs 1-15 1.6 Types of Military Robots 1-17 1.6.1 Telerob Explosive Observation Robot and Ordnance Disposal 1-17 1.6.2 QinetiQ North America Talon® Robots Universal Disrupter Mount 1-20 1.6.3 General Dynamics Next-Generation CROWS II Increases Soldiers Safety 1-22 1.6.4 Soldier Unmanned Ground Vehicle from iRobot 1-23 1.7 UGV Enabling Technologies 1-24 1.7.1 Sensor Processing 1-25 1.7.2 Machine Autonomy 1-26 1.8 Military Robot Bandwidth 1-27 1.8.1 UGV Follow-Me Capability 1-27 1.8.2 Communications Bandwidth 1-28 1.8.3 Battery Power 1-28 1.8.4 Combination Of Batteries Linked To Onboard Conventional Diesel 1-29 1.9 SUGVs 1-30 1.9.1 Mid-Size Category UGV 1-30 1.9.2 Large UGV 1-31 1.9.3 U.S. Army Ground Combat Vehicle 1-32 1.9.4 TARDEC 1-33 1.9.5 Tacom 1-34
2. FIRST RESPONDER ROBOT MARKET SHARES AND FORECASTS 2-1 2.1 First Responder, Homeland Security, and Law Enforcement Robots Market Driving Forces 2-1 2.1.1 Homeland Security And Police Ground Robots 2-2 2.1.2 Robots Operate Independently 2-2 2.2 Homeland Security Law Enforcement And First Responder Ground Robots Market Shares 2-6 2.3 Homeland Security Law Enforcement And First Responder Ground Robots Market Forecasts 2-8 2.3.1 Small First Responder Robot Market Forecasts, Dollars, Worldwide, 2010-2016 2-11 2.3.2 Mid Size First Responder Robot Market Forecasts, Dollars, Worldwide, 2010-2016 2-13 2.3.3 Communications And Collaboration Support Convergence To Enable First Response 2-14 2.4 Building a Culture of Preparedness 2-16 2.4.1 Military and First Responder Robot Market Forecasts 2-17 2.5 First Responder Robots Prevent And Disrupt Terrorist Attacks 2-22 2.5.1 Robots Emerge As Part Of Critical Security and Emergency Response Infrastructure 2-23 2.5.2 First Responder Robot Platforms, Cameras, Grippers, And Sensor Combinations 2-24 2.6 Worldwide First Responder Robot Market Forecasts, Segments 2-27 2.7 Police Actions Against Terrorists Replace Wars In The New Global Economy 2-30 2.7.1 First Responder Large Vehicle Robots For Challenging Missions 2-31 2.7.2 QinetiQ¡¯s / Foster-Miller Talon® First Responder Robot 2-32 2.7.3 Telerob Sensor Platform 2-32 2.7.4 Small, Maneuverable First Responder Robots 2-33 2.7.5 iRobot PackBot Scout 2-34 2.7.6 iRobot PackBot Explorer 2-34 2.7.7 QinetiQ North America¡¯s Dragon Runner Robot Delivered to Mesa AZ SWAT Team 2-36 2.7.8 Application Scope 2-37 2.7.9 U.S. Military Robots Key to Iraq Surge Success 2-37 2.8 Military Robot Regional Market Analysis 2-39 2.8.1 iRobot Geographic Information 2-41
3. FIRST RESPONDER AND HOMELAND SECURITY ROBOTS PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 1 3.1 First Responder County Police Organization Robot Specialized Functions 1 3.1.1 Northrop Grumman Andros Remotec 1 3.1.2 QinetiQ Foster-Miller Thermal Camera Enhancement Kits (Teks) For Talon® Robots 3 3.1.3 Foster-Miller TEK-1 3 3.1.4 Foster-Miller TEK-2 4 3.1.5 QinetiQ Foster-Miller Scraper 5 3.1.6 QinetiQ Foster-Miller Blade 6 3.1.7 TALON® Robots: TALON SWAT/MP 7 3.1.8 Using TALON SWAT/MP on a County Deputy Call 8 3.1.9 QinetiQ Foster-Miller Ski 10 3.1.10 QinetiQ Foster-Miller TALON Partnership with Ahura Scientific Field-Deployed Analytical Instruments 11 3.1.11 QinetiQ Foster-Miller TALON® Tailored to First Responders 13 3.2 iRobot 18 3.2.1 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with EOD Kit 19 3.2.2 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with First Responder Kit 20 3.2.3 iRobot® Warrior™ 700 21 3.2.4 iRobot® PackBot® 500 with RedOwl Sniper Detection Kit 22 3.2.5 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with FasTac Kit 25 3.2.6 iRobot® PackBot® 500 with ICx Fido® Explosives Detection Kit 25 3.2.7 iRobot® PackBot® 510 with HAZMAT Detection Kit 27 3.2.8 iRobot® SeaGlider 28 3.2.9 iRobot® Ranger 29 3.2.10 iRobot Aware 2.0 Robot Intelligence Software 30 3.3 Northrop Grumman 31 3.3.1 Andros HD-1 : Compact, Lightweight Platform 31 3.3.2 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 34 3.3.3 Northrop Grumman F6A - Versatile Platform 34 3.3.4 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 37 3.3.5 Northrop Grumman Mark V-A1 - Highly Versatile, Robust, All-Terrain Platform 37 3.3.6 Northrop Grumman V-A1 Features 39 3.3.7 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 40 3.3.8 Northrop Grumman Mini-ANDROS II - Compact, Capable, Two-Man-Portable Platform 40 3.3.9 Northrop Grumman Mini Andros II Features 42 3.3.10 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 43 3.3.11 Northrop Grumman Wolverine - Outdoor, All-Terrain Workhorse 43 3.3.12 Northrop Grumman Wolverine 45 3.3.13 Northrop Grumman Vehicle Data / Communication Links 46 3.4 General Dynamics 47 3.4.1 General Dynamics Next-Generation CROWS II Increases Soldiers Safety 48 3.5 Kongsberg 50 3.5.1 Kongsberg CrowsII Military Robot System 50 3.5.2 Kongsberg Addresses Underwater Diver Incursion 51 3.5.3 Kongsberg Norwegian Mine Reconnaissance Program 52 3.6 BAE Systems 53 3.6.1 BAE Systems Ant Size Robot 54 3.6.2 BAE Personal Robots 56 3.6.3 BAE Systems Large UGV 56 3.7 Lockheed Martin 56 3.7.1 Lockheed Martin Multifunction Utility/Logistics and Equipment Vehicle (MULE) 57 3.7.2 Lockheed Martin Large NUWC Manta UUV 59 3.7.3 Lockheed Martin Large NUWC Manta UUV For The Offshore Oil Industry 61 3.7.4 Lockheed Martin AN/WLD-1 Remote Minehunting System (RMS) 61
3.8 QinetiQ North America TALON® Robots 65 3.8.1 QinetiQ North America Talon® Robots Universal Disrupter Mount 67 3.8.2 Qinetiq / Foster-Miller 69 3.8.3 Foster-Miller TALON Family of Military Robots 70 3.8.4 Foster-Miller New: Two-Way Hailer 71 3.8.5 Foster-Miller TALON Responder 71 3.8.6 Foster-Miller EOD Robots 73 3.8.7 Foster-Miller SWORDS Robots 75 3.8.8 Foster-Miller CBRNE/Hazmat Robots 77 3.8.9 Foster-Miller TALON SWAT/MP 78 3.8.10 Foster-Miller MAARS Robot 79 3.8.11 Foster-Miller Dragon Runner Field Transformable SUGV 81 3.8.12 Foster Miller TALON GEN IV Engineer 82 3.8.13 Foster Miller TAGS-CX Unmanned Vehicle 83 3.8.14 QinetiQ TAGS-CX Unmanned Vehicle 84 3.8.15 Combat Engineer Route Clearance Robot 87 3.8.16 Talon MAARS™ Robots 92 3.9 Telerob 95 3.9.1 Telerob - EOD / IEDD Equipment, EOD Robots and Vehicles 95 3.9.2 Telerob TEODor Heavy Duty Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Robot 97 3.9.3 Telerob Telemax High-Mobility EOD Robot 3-98 3.9.4 Telerob EOD / IEDD Service Vehicles 3-98 3.10 Versa / Allen Vanguard 3-103 3.10.1 Allen Vanguard VANGUARD® ROV 3-105 3.10.2 Allen Vanguard Defender Robot/ROV 3-113 3.10.3 Allen Vanguard ROV-Track CBRNE 3-118 3.11 Boston Dynamics 3-121 3.11.1 Boston Dynamic LittleDog - The Legged Locomotion Learning Robot 3-122 3.11.2 Boston Dynamic PETMAN - BigDog gets a Big Brother 3-124 3.11.3 Boston Dynamic RHex Devours Rough Terrain 3-126 3.11.4 Boston Dynamic RiSE: Climbing Robot 3-128 3.12 Robotic Technology 3-130 3.12.1 RTI Military Memetics (Information Propagation, Impact, and Persistence ¨C Info PIP) Project 3-131 3.12.2 RTI Humanoid And Legged Robots 3-132 3.13 Fujitsu Service Robot (enon) 3-133 3.14 Gostai SOS 3-134 3.15 Kairos Autonomi 3-136 3.16 Scripps Bluefin Robotics Spray glider UUV 3-137 3.16.1 Scripps Bluefin Robotics Spray Glider Sensors, Navigation, and Communications 3-138 3.17 Boeing¡¯s AN/BLQ-11 Long-term Mine Reconnaissance System (LMRS), 3-144 3.18 Boeing Advanced Information Systems 3-148 3.19 Sonatech 3-150 3.20 BAE Systems Underwater Systems 3-150 3.21 Gunsmith Jerry Baber 3-151 3.22 IVTT Program Intelligent Vehicle Robot Hops Over Walls 3-152 3.22.1 Robotic Technology Precision Urban Hopper 3-154 3.22.2 Robotic Technology Robot 3-154 3.23 First Responder Robots 3-155 3.23.1 QinetiQ North America¡¯s robotic controller kit 3-156
4. FIRST RESPONDER ROBOT TECHNOLOGY 4-1 4.1 First Responder Robot Enabling Technology 4-1 4.2 Intel Integrated Circuit Evidence-Based Innovation 4-3 4.2.1 Open Robotic Control Software 4-5 4.2.2 Military Robot Key Technology 4-6 4.2.3 PC-Bots 4-10 Visual Simultaneous Localization & Mapping 4-10 4.3 Advanced Robot Technology: Navigation, Mobility, And Manipulation 4-11 4.3.1 Robot Intelligence Systems 4-11 4.3.2 Real-World, Dynamic Sensing 4-12 4.4 User-Friendly Interfaces 4-12 4.4.1 Tightly-Integrated, Electromechanical Robot Design 4-13 4.5 Field Based Robotics Iterative Development 4-14 4.5.1 Next-Generation Products Leverage Model 4-15 4.5.2 Modular Robot Structure And Control 4-15 4.5.3 Lattice Architectures 4-16 4.5.4 Chain / Tree Architectures 4-16 4.5.5 Deterministic Reconfiguration 4-16 4.5.6 Stochastic Reconfiguration 4-17 4.5.7 Modular Robotic Systems 4-17 4.6 Intel Military Robot Cultivating Collaborations 4-18 4.7 Hitachi Configuration Of Robots Using The SuperH Family 4-18 Hitachi Concept of MMU And Logic Space 4-19 Robotic Use of Thin Film Lithium-Ion Batteries 4-23 4.8 Network Of Robots And Sensors 4-24 4.8.1 Sensor Networks Part Of Research Agenda 4-25 4.8.2 Light Sensing 4-26 4.8.3 Acceleration Sensing 4-27 4.8.4 Chemical Sensing 4-27 4.9 Military Robot Technology Functions 4-27 4.10 Carbon Nanotube Radio 4-28 4.11 Military Robot Funded Programs 4-30 4.11.1 Future Combat System (FCS) Program Transitions to Army Brigade Combat Team Modernization 4-30 4.11.2 XM1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV) 4-32 4.11.3 UUV Sub-Pillars 4-33 4.11.4 Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV) 4-36 4.11.5 Alliant 4-36 4.11.6 ATSP is a Government-wide contracting vehicle 4-38 4.11.7 Quick, efficient contracting vehicle 4-38 4.11.8 Facilitates technology and insertion into fielded systems 4-38 4.11.9 Access to all Northrop Grumman sectors 4-39 4.12 iRobot Technology 4-39 4.12.1 iRobot AWARE Robot Intelligence Systems 4-39 4.12.2 iRobot Real-World, Dynamic Sensing. 4-40 4.12.3 iRobot User-Friendly Interface 4-40 4.12.4 iRobot Tightly-Integrated Electromechanical Design. 4-41 4.13 Evolution Robotics Technology Solutions 4-42 Evolution Robotics Example Applications 4-44 4.14 NASA Exploratory Robots 4-45 4.14.1 NASA Spirit Robot 4-46 4.14.2 NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit 4-48 Sample NASA Sprit Sol-By-Sol Summary: 4-50 4.14.3 Opportunity Update 4-51 4.14.4 NASA Opportunity Sol-By-Sol Summary 4-52 4.14.5 NASA Opportunity Robot 4-54 4.15 Remote Controlled Robot Missions 4-55 4.15.1 Auto-Navigation System Takes Pictures Of The Nearby Terrain 4-59 4.15.2 Mars Robotic Rovers Spirit And Opportunity 4-61 4.16 Self-Reproducing Machines 4-62 4.16.1 M-TRAN Modular Transformer 4-62 4.16.2 Attitude Control In Space By Control Moment Gyros 4-63
5. FIRST RESPONDER ROBOT COMPANY PROFILES 5-1 5.1 American Reliance Inc. (AMREL) 5-1 5.1.1 Amrel Field Expedient Robot Controls Interoperability 5-2 5.1.2 Amrel Small-Footprint, Highly Integrated, Rugged Mobile Computing Solutions 5-2 5.2 BAE Systems 5-2 5.2.1 BAE Systems Ant Size Robot 5-3 5.2.2 BAE Personal Robots 5-5 5.2.3 BAE Systems Large UGV 5-5 5.3 Boston Dynamics 5-5 5.4 Doosan Infracore / Bobcat Company 5-6 5.5 General Dynamics 5-7 5.5.1 General Dynamics Combat Autonomous Mobility System (CAMS) 5-7 5.5.2 General Dynamics $60 Million Contract by U.S. Air Force for Mission Operations Support 5-8 5.5.3 General Dynamics Revenue 5-9 5.5.4 General Dynamics Business Group Revenue 5-10 5.5.5 General Dynamics Combat Systems Awards 5-13 5.5.6 General Dynamics Land Systems $24 million contract to supply Commanders Remote Operated Weapons 5-13 5.5.7 General Dynamics Canadian Government¡¯s LAV III Upgrade Program 5-14 5.5.8 General Dynamics U.S. Military Vehicle Business 5-15 5.6 Gostai 5-16 5.7 iRobot 5-16 5.7.1 iRobot Home Robots 5-17 5.7.2 iRobot Government and Industrial Robots 5-17 5.7.3 iRobot Locations 5-17 5.7.4 iRobot Military Programs 5-17 5.7.5 iRobot Revenue 5-19 5.7.6 iRobot Geographic Information 5-25 5.7.7 iRobot Significant Customers 5-25 5.7.8 iRobot Description 5-25 5.7.9 iRobot Industry Segment, Geographic Information and Significant Customers 5-27 5.7.10 iRobot Home Robots 5-27 5.7.11 iRobot Government and Industrial 5-27 5.7.12 iRobot Geographic Information 5-32 5.7.13 iRobot Home Robot Division Revenue And Units Shipped 5-33 5.7.14 iRobot Government And Industrial Division 5-34 5.7.15 iRobot Strategy 5-36 5.7.16 iRobot Government and Industrial Products 5-38 5.7.17 iRobot Home Robots 5-42 5.7.18 iRobot Government & Industrial Robots 5-42 5.7.19 iRobot Partners and Strategic Alliance 5-43 5.7.20 iRobot / Boeing Company 5-43 5.7.21 iRobot / Advanced Scientific Concepts 5-43 5.7.22 iRobot / TASER International, 5-44 5.8 Kongsberg 5-44 5.8.1 Increased Scope of Kongsberg CROWS II Framework Agreement 5-45 5.8.2 Kongsberg Ownership 5-45 5.8.3 Kongsberg Manufacturing locations 5-46 5.8.4 Kongsberg Operations Revenue 5-47 5.8.5 Kongsberg Employees 5-47 5.9 Lockheed Martin 5-48 5.9.1 Lockheed Martin Defense Department Positioning 5-49 5.10 Northrop Grumman 5-53 5.10.1 Northrop Grumman Remotec Robots 5-54 5.11 Qinetiq / Foster-Miller 5-55 5.11.1 QinetiQ UK MOD and the US DoD provide target markets 5-56 5.11.2 QinetiQ Revenue 2005-2009 5-58 5.11.3 QinetiQ North America 5-61 5.11.4 QinetiQ Revenue 5-64 5.11.5 QinetiQ UK 5-66 5.11.6 QinetiQ North America 5-66 5.11.7 QinetiQ Autonomy and Robotics 5-67 5.11.8 QinetiQ Group Revenues 5-68 5.11.9 QinetiQ Business Review Governance 5-70 5.11.10 QinetiQ Revenue By Customer 5-71 5.11.11 QinetiQ North America 5-73 5.12 QinetiQ North America / Foster-Miller 5-75 5.12.1 QinetiQ North America / Foster-Miller 5-77 5.12.2 QinetiQ Common Robotic Controller (CRC) 5-77 5.12.3 QinetiQ North America World-Class Technology 5-78 5.12.4 QinetiQ North America Technology Solutions Group 5-79 5.13 Robotic Technology Inc. 5-79 5.13.1 RTI Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot (EATR) Project 5-80 5.13.2 RTI Intelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer (IVTT) Program 5-81 5.13.3 Robotic Technology Precision Urban Hopper 5-84 5.13.4 Robotic Technology Robot 5-85 5.14 Telerob 5-85 5.14.1 Telerob - EOD / IEDD Equipment, EOD Robots and Vehicles 5-86 5.14.2 TEODor Heavy Duty Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Robot 5-87 5.14.3 Telerob Telemax High-Mobility EOD Robot 5-88 5.14.4 Telerob EOD / IEDD service vehicles 5-88 5.14.5 Telerob¡¯s Electrical Force-Reflecting-Manipulators (FRMs) 5-91 5.14.6 American Crane and Equipment Corp and Telerob Partnership 5-92 5.15 Thermo Fisher Scientific / Ahura Scientific 5-93 5.15.1 Ahura Scientific 5-94 5.16 Versa / Allen-Vanguard 5-95 5.16.1 Allen Vanguard Trading Suspended on Stock 5-96 5.16.2 Allen Vanguard HAL® EOD/IEDD/Search Tasks Hook and Line System 5-97 5.16.3 Versa / Allen Vanguard Equinox I 5-100 5.16.4 Versa / Allen Vanguard Field Test Set 5-101 5.16.5 Allen-Vanguard Revenue 5-102 5.17 VIA Technologies 5-104 5.17.1 VIA Technologies Complete Platform Provider 5-105 5.17.2 VIA Technologies Market Leadership 5-105 5.17.3 VIA Technologies Global Operations 5-106 5.17.4 VIA Technologies Meeting the Market Challenge 5-107 5.17.5 VIA Technologies Dynamic Fabless Business Model 5-108 5.18 Selected Manufacturers of Military Robots 5-108 5.19 Government Agencies and Other Organizations Using Military Robots 5-112 5.19.1 RTI Intelligent Vehicle Technology Transfer (IVTT) Program 5-115
[mage lang="" source="flickr"]alaska employment law blog[/mage] Local Bloggers
North State Business and Employment Law Blog, providing the community with free business and employment tips, updates and information. Thanks for visiting!
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Update your health and safety to manage climate change
Floods, snow fall and high winds can all have a devastating impact on people's lives, general infrastructure and businesses. The recent snowy conditions at the start of 2010 ground many parts of the UK to a halt. Businesses lost millions of pounds as their operations ground to a shuddering halt.
A report funded by a group of investment companies called for businesses to devise comprehensive strategies for dealing with the change to climate and informing organisations of their risk assessment processes. Insurance companies are also asking companies to carry out thorough risk assessments to include extreme weather conditions. It is recommended that the following should be considered:
? The inability of employees getting to work ? Companies should include climate change effects in health and safety policies
By preparing thoroughly the worst effects of extreme weather conditions can be reduced. The measures are often very cost effective to put into effect but should disaster strike and your business is hit by extreme weather they can make the difference between your business surviving or going under as a result.
Health and safety courses should now prepare staff for weather conditions such as flooding, heat waves, freezes, storms, drought, subsidence and heave and finally disease and insect infestation. In order for new procedures to be effective in time of extreme weather staff need to be trained in how to manage the situation and human resources should understand how to react when extreme weather conditions prevent staff from turning into work. The health and safety requirements to protect staff and business in these times require specialist procedures to ensure the company does not fall foul to liable claims.
Health and safety planning and procedures can minimise the risk to your business in times of disaster management. At NorthgateArinso we offer a range of courses to businesses including health and safety.
About the Author
The Article is written by northgatearinsoemployerservices.com/ providing <a href=http://www.northgatearinsoemployerservices.com/>health and safety</a> and <a href=http://www.northgatearinsoemployerservices.com/>human resources</a> Services. Visit http://www.northgatearinsoemployerservices.com/ for more information on northgatearinsoemployerservices.com/Products & Services___________________________Copyright information This article is free for reproduction but must be reproduced in its entirety, including live links & this copyright statement must be included. Visit northgatearinsoemployerservices.com/ for more services!
Criminal Justice @ Northland College
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China plans draft immigration law
Chinese government officials and academics have started planning the country's first draft immigration law to better manage the increasing number of immigrants. Living in Abundance and in Thailand at the same time!!
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my wife is the country manager of an american company here in the philippines -she and her staff are overloaded with work and often work 12-16 hours per day -i told my wife that as they have not recieved any bonus for the past two years they should be paid overtime .
She has agreed to pay overtime to all the other staff but will not pay herself (because she is the manager),i told her as she is also working overtime she should also be paid for it -she told me as she is manager she is not allowed by law to recieve overtime payment -is this true -please can anyone advise me .this seems so unfair -she is very loyal to her company and it does not seem fair .
Normal hours of work: The normal hours of work of any employee shall not exceed eight (8) hours a day.
Meal/Break periods: Subject to such regulations as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe, it shall be the duty of every employer to give his employees not less than sixty (60) minutes time-off for their regular meals. Rest periods of short duration during working hours shall be counted as hours worked.
Night shift differential: Every employee shall be paid a night shift differential of not less than ten percent (10%) of his regular wage for each hour of work performed between ten o’clock in the evening and six o’clock in the morning
Overtime work: Work may be performed beyond eight (8) hours a day provided that the employee is paid for the overtime work, an additional compensation equivalent to his regular wage plus at least twenty-five percent (25%) thereof. Work performed beyond eight hours on a holiday or rest day shall be paid an additional compensation equivalent to the rate of the first eight hours on a holiday or rest day plus at least thirty percent (30%) thereof.
Right to weekly rest day: It shall be the duty of every employer, whether operating for profit or not, to provide each of his employees a rest period of not less than twenty-four (24) consecutive hours after every six (6) consecutive normal work days. The employer shall determine and schedule the weekly rest day of his employees subject to collective bargaining agreement and to such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Labor and Employment may provide. However, the employer shall respect the preference of employees as to their weekly rest day when such preference is based on religious grounds.
Compensation for rest day, Sunday or holiday work: Where an employee is made or permitted to work on his scheduled rest day, he shall be paid an additional compensation of at least thirty percent (30%) of his regular wage. An employee shall be entitled to such additional compensation for work performed on Sunday only when it is his established rest day. When the nature of the work of the employee is such that he has no regular workdays and no regular rest days can be scheduled, he shall be paid an additional compensation of at least thirty percent (30%) of his regular wage for work performed on Sundays and holidays. Work performed on any special holiday shall be paid an additional compensation of at least thirty percent (30%) of the regular wage of the employee. Where such holiday work falls on the employee’s scheduled rest day, he shall be entitled to an additional compensation of at least fifty per cent (50%) of his regular wage.
Right to holiday pay: Every worker shall be paid his regular daily wage during regular holidays, except in retail and service establishments regularly employing less than ten (10) workers. The employer may require an employee to work on any holiday but such employee shall be paid a compensation equivalent to twice his regular rate; and as used in this Article, “holiday” includes: New Year’s Day, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, the ninth of April, the first of May, the twelfth of June, the fourth of July, the thirtieth of November, the twenty-fifth and thirtieth of December and the day designated by law for holding a general election.
Right to service incentive leave: Every employee who has rendered at least one year of service shall be entitled to a yearly service incentive leave of five days with pay. This provision shall not apply to those who are already enjoying the benefit herein provided, those enjoying vacation leave with pay of at least five days and those employed in establishments regularly employing less than ten employees or in establishments exempted from granting this benefit by the Secretary of Labor and Employment after considering the viability or financial condition of such establishment. The grant of benefit in excess of that provided herein shall not be made a subject of arbitration or any court or administrative action.
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UK Company Law
UK Company Law
by Marcis Liors Skadmanis, Lawyer
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Company formation & trading structure
3. The Sole trader (Self-Employed)
4. Partnership (Self-Employed)
5. Partnership Agreement
6. Limited liability partnerships (LLPs)
7. Private limited company
8. Single member companies
9. Type of share
10.Shareholders' agreement
11. Private company limited by guarantee
12. Private unlimited company
13. Public limited company (plc)
14. Community Interest Companies (CICS)
15. Listed companies
Source
1. Introduction-
The United Kingdom has enjoyed a system of company registration since 1844. In these days, company registration matters are dealt with in law, by the Companies Act 1985 and the updating legislation contained in the Companies Act 1989. Companies’ Acts have been around for the last 150 years, and are designed to set the framework in which companies with limited liability must work. The Companies Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 8th November 2006 and effectively replaced existing company legislation by re-writing, updating and modernizing company law.
Business today is often a multi-national activity. British companies may carry on activities in other states and companies from other jurisdictions may carry on business in the United Kingdom.
English law provides two main types of organization for those who wish to associate in order to carry on business for gain: partnerships and companies.
Public companies are permitted to invite the general public to subscribe for the shares, whereas private companies are not. The shares of a public company may be officially listed for trading on a recognized investment exchange for example, the London Stock Exchange. The shares of a private company may not.
The term “Company” implies an association of a number of people for some common object or objects.
2. Company formation & trading structure-
When starting a business, it important to select the most appropriate trading structure. There are four main trading structures available:
Sole trader (Self-Employed)
Partnership (Self-Employed)
Limited liability partnerships (LLPs)
Private limited company (Ltd)
Public limited company (plc) (including “listed companies”).
3. The Sole trader (Self-Employed)-
The sole trader is the amoeba of the business organization world. As the name suggests, the sole trader operates alone and, as such, is the simplest form of trading structure. The liability of the sole trader is total. This means all financial risks are taken by that person and all that person's assets are included in that risk. Legally there is no distinction between the sole trader’s personal and business assets and so if the business goes badly the creditors can go after his/her home, car or other assets in satisfaction of business debt. The risk to the sole trader of doing business is large but there is no need for a formal organizational structure. Without insurance you could lose everything.
Accountability and regulation – there is very little regulation and official accountability associated with sole trader status. Because they are not registered with Companies House, sole traders are not required to file annual accounts or reports (other than for the payment of income tax).
4. Partnership (Self-Employed) -
Partnership is the relation which between person carrying on a business in common with a view of profit” (s. 1(1) of the Partnership Act 1890 (PA 1890)), there must be at least two persons, and “business” includes any “trade, profession or occupation”: PA 1890,s.45. The partnership is not a separate legal person, and partners have unlimited joint liability for the firm’s debts and obligations (PA 1890,s.9); and joint and several liability for torts (PA 1890,s.12). There is no distinction between the assets of the partnership and the assets of the individual partners. The partners can be pursed personally for the debts of the partnership.
A partnership is a very risky type of business to get involved in, just because of all the potential for conflict, and the financial effect conflict between partners would be likely to have on the business. However, now the Limited Liability Partnerships Act has received Royal Approval and will become Law by the end of the year.
Law firms in particular have very complex partnership agreements governing their operation. This means that the management structure, profit sharing and the life of the partnership can be made to fit any situation. The obligations are the same as for a Sole Trader.
Accountability and regulation- As with the sole trader, there is relatively little accountability or regulation attached to a partnership and no requirement to file reports and accounts with any official regulator. You will need to keep records for Inland Revenue (and also for VAT if you are VAT registered), but there are no other legal requirements. Each partner should submit a P/SE/1 and you are taxed as an individual. If you leave the partenership your tax liability will follow you (unlike in the past when the remaining partner had to pay it). The workload can be shared.
5. Partnership Agreement Form-
(The aim of the agreement is to provide a written structure of your business with respect to each partner's responsibility, rights, profit/liability sharing, and also the terms on which the partnership can be terminated.) This agreement is based on a full partnership and therefore some changes may need to be made in the structure if you wish to set up a Limited Partnership.
Content:1) The name of the business/partners 2) Commencement of the partnership 3) Nature of the business 4) Business location 5) Set-up investment; 6) Contribution 7) Ownership Role of the partners 9) Decision making and voting rights 10) Profit and loss sharing 11) Liability sharing 12) Business bank account/cash management 13) Accounts 14) Holiday entitlement 15) Illness and incapability 16) Retirement 17) The introduction of new partners; 18) Drawings and direct expenses; 19) Dissolution of the partnership 20) The death of a partner 21) Unfair competition 22) Dismissal of a partner 23) Signatures.
6. Limited liability partnerships (LLPs)
The Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 allows for partners to achieve limited liability up to a point. It allows liability to be limited for general trading debts but individual partners will not be able to limit their personal liability for negligence. This type of partnership (LLP) was designed to allow large professional partnerships (law and accountancy firms) to achieve some protection from large negligence actions. Created by registration under the Limited liability Partnership Act 2000, they are regulated by the Companies Act 2006 as private limited companies except that the management structure is fixed by the partnership agreement. They have the benefit of being able to secure loans by floating charge.
The business is controlled by the 'designated members' (who have a similar responsibility to a directors / secretary of a Ltd Company) and the 'members'. Capital is provided by the members, LLP's are similar to 'Partnerships' or 'Sole Traders' in this respect. Incomes derived by the members will be closer to that of a 'Partnership' than to the dividends paid by companies. The members will provide working capital and share any profits. An LLP will be taxed as a partnership. The internal structure of the LLP will be similar to that of a partnership. The members will provide working capital and will share any profits. Income derived by the members from the LLP will be closer to that of a partnership than to the dividends paid by companies. The Bill also provides that any partnership converting to an LLP will receive relief from stamp duty on any property transferred in the first year, subject to conditions. Members will be liable to pay Class 2 and Class 4 National Insurance contributions.
The LLP legislation does not allow for a 'conversion process' - in the way that a limited company can convert to PLC status under the Companies Act!
7. Private limited company –
The private limited company is the most common trading structure and is the central focus of company law. The company is created by a process of incorporation by individuals known as the promoters. Unlike a Sole Trader or a Partnership, the Limited company is legally a separate entity in its own right. The directors and shareholders have limited liability. When a limited company is created it will have an Authorised Shareholding which specifies the limit of a shareholders liability. If all shares have been issued then shareholders are not liable for any more debts that the company may accrue. This is definitely the most sensible option if capital is being put into the business by anyone who is not involved in running it.
Most limited companies are owned by “members” who each own a number of shares in the company. Usually, each share has a vote attached to it and so the members are able to vote on important decisions affecting the company, although the day-to-day management of the company is left to the directors.
However, it is possible that all of the shareholders of a very small company are also the directors and, following the introduction of the Companies (Single Member Private Limited Companies) Regulation 1992, it is even possible to have a single person who is both the sole shareholder and the sole director of the company.
A limited company always has staff, because a director of a company is considered an employee of the company, and a limited company must have at least 1 director, and a company secretary.
Accountability- You have to hold an Annual General Meeting (AGM) for all the share holders, within 18 months of setting up the company, and at least every 15 months after that. These meetings must receive, and approve, Annual Reports from directors and auditors. These reports must include summaries of the accounts, names of the directors, details about the shareholders, and other information. At these meetings the shareholders must also elect directors and auditors.
You must also submit an Annual Return to the Companies Registration Office, summarising the information included in the Annual Reports. These details are displayed at Companies House, where they are available for public inspection.
As a Limited Company, you will have to pay Corporation Tax on all profits.
8. Single member companies-
A single member company is a private company, limited by shares or by guarantee, which is formed with one member, or whose membership is reduced to one.
A single member - present in person or by proxy - constitutes a quorum in these circumstances. If you hold such a meeting you must record it in the minutes. If, as a sole member you take a decision, except by written resolution of the company, you must give a written record of the decision to the company. (This is to ensure continuity of records if you sell some or all of your interest in the company.)
If the company enters into an unwritten contract with the sole member who is also a director of the company (and the contract is not in the ordinary course of the company's business), the company must ensure that the terms of the contract are set out in a memorandum or are recorded in the minutes of the next director’s meeting.
A company's register of members must accurately record its members. The register of members of a single member company must contain an express statement to the effect that the company has only one member and state the date upon which the company became a single member company.
If the company originally had more than one member and the membership reduces to one, then the register must contain an express statement to the effect that the company has only one member and state the date upon which the company became a single member company.
If the membership of a single member company later increases, you must record the details of the new member in the register of members. You should enter an express statement to the effect that the company is no longer a single member company and the date on which that event occurred.
9. Type of share-
Ordinary shares will usually carry one vote per share on a poll. The dividend is that recommended by the directors, and the amount payable on a distribution of assets on a winding up proportional to the nominal value of the shares.
Preference shares usually entitle the holder to a dividend of a fixed amount per share to be paid in priority to other shareholders. However, that there is no entitlement until the dividend is declared. Preference shares may be: a) cumulative: if the dividend is not paid in one year, then the shareholder will be entitled to receive the arrears from profits in subsequent years. Unless the articles or terms of issue provide otherwise, preference shares are cumulative; b) non-cumulative: the dividend will lapse if the company is unable to pay it in any one year.
Preference shares may also entitle the holder to prior return of capital on a winding up where the company is solvent.
Deferred shares (sometime called founders’ shares) are now rare. Promoters used to take shares which would not qualify for a dividend until the ordinary shareholders had received one.
Redeemable share are issued with a provision that they may be bought back by the company at a later date, at the option of either the company or the shareholder.
Non-voting shares carry similar rights to ordinary shareholders, but no rights to vote.
10.Shareholders' agreement-
A shareholder's agreement is a contract between the shareholders of a company in which they agree how the company will be run. They all agree that they will use their voting power in the company to ensure that the terms of the agreement are complied with for as long as they are all shareholders.
For example a Shareholders Agreement includes the following clauses: 1) company details, 2) shareholder details, 3) business of the company, 4) directors' meetings, 5) management decisions, 6) appointment of directors, 7) transfer of shares, dividend policy, 9) winding up, 10) termination, 11) confidentiality 12) no assignment and 13) communications.
11. Private company limited by guarantee –
In this type of company, members do not make any contribution to the capital during its lifetime as they do not purchase shares. The members' liability is limited to the amount that they each agree to contribute to the company's assets if it is wound up.
There are three different types of Limited by Guarantee Companies:
a) Club / Association, b) Charity, c) Flat Management etc.
12. Private unlimited company –
This type of company may or may not have a share capital and there is no limit to the members' liability. Because there is no limitation on members’ liability, the company has to disclose less information than other types of company.
13. Public limited company (plc)-
This type of company has a share capital and, the liability of each member is limited to the amount unpaid on shares that a member holds. A public limited company may offer its shares for sale to the general public and may also be quoted on the stock exchange.
A limited company with a share capital is a public company if:
a) it has been registered or re-registered as a public company on or after 22 December 1980;
b) its memorandum states that it is a public company;
c) its name ends with 'Public Limited Company' or 'PLC' or if it is a Welsh company, – that is, a company the memorandum of which says that its registered office must be in Wales – it may use the Welsh equivalents, namely 'Cwmni Cyfyngedig Cyhoeddus' or 'CCC';
d) it has an authorised share capital of at least £50,000 or at least €65,600 and states this in its memorandum.
Note- A Community Interest Public Limited Company: its name must end with 'community interest public limited company' or 'community interest p.l.c.' (or, if it is a Welsh company, it may use the Welsh equivalents, namely 'cwmni buddiant cymunedol cyhoeddus cyfyngedig' or 'cwmni buddiant cymunedol c.c.c');
A newly formed public company cannot commence business activities or exercise any borrowing powers until Companies House has issued a trading certificate under section 761 of the Companies Act 2006 (previously under section 117 of the Companies Act 1985).
Companies House will issue a Trading Certificate to a public company if the value of the company’s allotted share capital is not less than £50,000 or €65,600. This requirement must be wholly satisfied either in sterling or in euros, as a mixture of both will not be sufficient to meet the legal requirements. (This does not prevent the rest of the company’s capital being in a mixture of sterling, euros and even other currencies).
A PLC must have at least two members and a minimum of two company Directors. The Company Secretary must be a person who appears to the directors to have the necessary knowledge and ability to fulfil the functions or is a member of any of the following bodies:
the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales;
the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland;
the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland;
the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators;
the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants;
the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (formerly known as the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants); or
the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy.
14. Community Interest Companies (CICS)-
Community interest companies (CIC) are a new type of limited company designed specifically for those wishing to operate for the benefit of the community rather than for the benefit of the owners of the company. This means that a CIC cannot be formed or used solely for the personal gain of a particular person, or group of people. CICs can be limited by shares, or by guarantee, and will have a statutory “Asset Lock” to prevent the assets and profits being distributed, except as permitted by legislation. This ensures the assets and profits are retained within the CIC for community purposes, or transferred to another asset-locked organisation, such as another CIC or charity.
A CIC cannot be formed to support political activities and a company that is a charity cannot be a CIC, unless it gives up its charitable status. However, a charity may apply to register a CIC as a subsidiary company.
The Regulator - the companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 “the Act” established the Regulator as an independent public office holder appointed by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. The appointment was subject to an open public recruitment process monitored by the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments. The Regulator is an independent official and her powers are set out in the Act and the Community Interest Company Regulations 2005. The Act requires her to discharge her functions in accordance with good regulatory practice. In particular, she must have regard to:
The likely impact of her actions on those affected
The results of consultation with stakeholders
The efficient and economic use of her resources
The Government expects the Regulator to be a “light touch regulator” who will encourage the development of the CIC brand and provide guidance and assistance on matters relating to CICs.
15. Listed companies-
Those public limited companies which wish to trade their shares are “listed” on the London Stock Exchange.
Shareholders in listed companies enjoy the same protection of “limited liability” afforded to members of other public (and private) companies. As with other public companies, there is a gulf between the small number of directors and potentially thousands of shareholders and this is even more pronounced I listed companies, where shareholder may live anywhere in the world.
Source:
Partnership Act 1890
Companies Act 2006
Gower and Davies: The Principles of Modern Company Law (Paperback) by L.C.B. Gower, Sweet&Maxwell, 2008
Alan Dignam, John Lowry „Company Law”, Oxford University Press, 2006
Stephen Judge„Company Law 2008 and 2009” , Oxford University Press, 2008
Jacqueline Martin, Chris Turner „Company Law 2009-2010 edition”, Hodder Education, 2009
Chris Taylor „Company Law”, Pearson Longman, 2009
Derek French, Stephen Mayson, Christopher Ryan „Mayson, French and Ryan on Company Law”Oxford University Press, 2007
Companies House || http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk
Fast Link Solutions || http://www.fastlinksolutions.co.uk
Community interest companies || www.cicregulator.gov.uk
- Marcis Liors Skadmanis LL.M.
Lawyer Practice areas:
1) Business Law
2) Company Law
3) Commercial and Financial Law
4) Real Estate and property Law
5) Inheritance Law
6) Investments Law
7) International Transactions
Private International Law
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Role of the partners 9) Decision making and voting rights 10) Profit and loss sharing 11) Liability sharing 12) Business bank account/cash management 13) Accounts 14) Holiday entitlement 15) Illness and incapability 16) Retirement 17) The introduction of new partners; 18) Drawings and direct expenses; 19) Dissolution of the partnership 20) The death of a partner 21) Unfair competition 22) Dismissal of a partner 23) Signatures.
