Employment Discrimination Lawyers and Labor Law Lawyers

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Employment Law: Can your Employer change your hours and contract of work?

Bosses want to increase our hours by two per week and get rid of flexi working, carers leave and couple of extra days annual leave for long service workers. They say its due to the financial credit crunch and business reasons; apparently we're not performing and customer satisfaction is low which is fair enough, but they're being really nasty and dictatorial about it. They say they only need to set up a consultation process and they can force it through. Two girls I work with took up their positions 6 months ago with us because of terms & conditions etc. they turned down jobs closer to home - they feel very aggrieved and let down. I know we should be grateful to have jobs (I'm happy where I work) but its quite nauseating when you know that the Chief Exec got a 40% pay rise last year - and as far as I'm aware, she's not offered to give some back. Can they do this?

Have a look at www.direct.gov.uk. Under the employment section there is an employment terms and conditions sub section, with a link for changes to employment conditions - you should find this helpful.

If the change is made through a collective agreement then it will apply to all employees. If they are seeking each employee's acceptance to changes then an employee doesn't have to accept, but be warned, in this case the employer can give you notice and then offer to re-employ on the new terms and conditions.

Good luck

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Sickness absence and holiday entitlement - guidance for employers

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lay off's and employment law?

ok, I commenced employment on a temporary contract on 20 july 2009 at my current workplace.

1. You are entitled to one week's notice if this is the period stated in your contract.
2. Your holiday pay will be calculated from Jan 1st to the Effective Date of Termination (EDT) so even if your notice period has been shortened then the holiday pay entitlement is not.
3. You accrue employment rights after one year's service, and redundancy rights after two years.

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Job Facts about illegals?

JOBS
Job seeking legal immigrants face a myriad of federal restrictions on their employment not faced by illegal aliens. They must get approval and pay thousands of dollars to remain in the country. They are prevented from taking jobs unless they have been offered to citizens first. Further, they cannot be paid less than is offered to an American citizen. The objective of this policy is to ensure that immigrants actually do take jobs that Americans do not want. This law is not implemented for illegal alliens.

I have now met two people on here with a positive IQ in the last two weeks. Things are really looking up.

Now if we could just a few elected officials to see this perhaps something positive might come out of Washington, DC.

No, that could never happen.

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Compassionate holiday (UK) only please?

My wife's annual leave ran from April 1st 2007 to April 1st 2008 and she recieves only 10 days holiday a year as she is deemed as a part time employee. During her last leave year she had used up all her annual holiday but had to take compassionate holiday. It wasn't a case of swinging the lead it was the fact that our daughter was seriuosly ill.

As a mother she is entitled to unpaid compassionate leave from work

As they have decided it was holiday leave then she may have been misunderstood or they have made an error.

If she was paid for the leave then they assumed it was holiday leave regardless of the reasons for it or when it was taken. If they didnt pay her for it she should remind them that the leave was unpaid compassionate leave.

She should approach her employer about it to get it resolved

If you want more info on rights concerning workers leave then have a look at the ACAS website

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Does an F-2 visa allow online business?

Hi,

If you are making your money in the United States, that is generally considered work, whether it's through a traditional employer or through self-employment. And, unfortunately, F-2s are not allowed to work.

You could try to retain an immigration attorney to see if there are any ways to do it where everything is handled overseas, but if you're in the U.S., I think that will be tough.

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In California Law??

Can the EDD (Employment Development Department) keep a 17 year old supposed lien on me,I always paid my unemployment paid, even had a payroll doing this. They took $1,000.00 from me that was mine- the supervisor of the jerk I talked with gave me a false phone number for her, I had to call the fraud unit just to get her phone number. She sounded nice and is to call me back on this Tuesday, can they put a lien on my house? Attach wages etc....they say I owe them over 14 thousand dollars and do not know what to expect....Please Help.........Thank You. I do not even have records from 17 years ago and have never heard from them............

No one can give you an answer because you have given no relevant facts except the amount of the debt.

In general, if the debt is valid then yes, a lien can be placed on any real property.

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Minors Working For 85% Of Minimum Wage (CA) Question?

here

1) YES
if they will hire you,
if the job is NOT on the list of hazardous occupations,
and the job is NOT covered by FLSA.
and NO
if it is covered by FLSA they would have to pay at least $7.25 unless you met the requirements for the youth training wage see: http://www.dol.gov/elaws/esa/flsa/docs/ymwplink.asp

2) YES

3) it is legal in California to be gainfully employed at 12 if the business is NOT covered by FLSA otherwise the age is 14, there are limits on the number of hours and when they can be worked but it is totally legal for you to be employed..
see: http://www.youthrules.dol.gov
and
http://www.dir.ca.gov/DLSE/childLaborPamphlet2000.html

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what happens to accrued vacation time when you leave a job?

Is your employer legally required to pay you for accrued vacation time when you leave employment? Are the laws different per state, and can they be looked up somewhere?

I dont think so, it depends what the companies policy is. This is why most people schedule there vacation all at once. then quit as soon as they get back.

Can I legally breach a contract if landlord is providing an inadequate environment to conduct business?

I am a stylist who rented a booth at a salon. There were power/water outages that forced me to hastily reschedule/cancel clients and lose income as a result. Additionally the business owner failed to renew the salon's license. (a license that is required by law to operate the salon). My contract stated that I provide 2 weeks notice before end of contract. The contract also stated that "company shall execute fairness, honesty, and integrity in handling of all renters and all business" A recent power outage forced me to find employment elsewhere and leave with only less than 24 hours notice.

You can legally get out of the contract with the landlord under the tenant laws of implied warranty of habitability and constructive eviction. In this case, the landlord is the one that breached the contract. If you are having continuous trouble with power outages, water outages and there has been nothing done to address your concerns, you can take that as a constructive eviction because you can't use the premises for the purposes in which you occupied it. Good luck to you.

What You Need To Know If You've Been Terminated From Your Job

Shady "termination" by employer while on medical leave. Any insights?

I have been on medical leave from my employer since late July of this year, after having major surgery. Although I have kept my employer advised of the status of my disability (including submitting certifying paperwork), I had never heard one thing from my employer until I received a certified letter today, stating that I was now considered an "inactive" employee and no longer on the payroll. My medical benefits have ended as well. I was never advised by my employer that my job was in jeopardy, nor given any status on my FMLA, which was submitted before my leave began. Now, my ex-employer is stating my FMLA leave of absence began when I was still reporting to work every day and that I was advised of this. I was never given status on anything. Now, I'm sick AND out of a job. They will never "re-hire" me. I have contacted my state's Fair Employment dept (waiting for return call) and will be meeting with an employment law attorney. I'm devastated. Serious replies only please.

If you were placed on FMLA in late July, keep in mind that the statute only provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year. It is now 4 months later and your 12 weeks have been used up. After FMLA expires, your employer is not required to reinstate you to employment. I'm sorry, that's not what you want to hear, but it's the truth.

I'm not saying that your employer is right in what they did or how they did it, but it may not have been illegal.

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How do you tackle a situation where ur in having a problem with your boss.?

HI, here is the situation. Ur a contract employee. U were unfortunate enough to have medical problems and your boss is giving u a hard time before and after sugery stating you are not performing, eventhough u know u are not the worst performer there based on data. The problem is when u complain to HR, you get bounce back to you legal employer and they dont want to have any problems with the guys giving the business. If you dont understand the situation. U have are employed under contract by one company and outsourced to another company where u physically working. Now what kind of legal option or avenue is available in Malaysia for such people. Or is this a totally new situation and there are no laws protecting people in type of employment.

Try contacting the Dept. of Labor

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Channel Tunnel

Origins

Proposals and attempts

Key dates

1802

Albert Mathieu put forward a cross-Channel tunnel proposal.

1875

The Channel Tunnel Company Ltd began preliminary trials

1882

The Abbot's Cliff heading had reached 897 yards (820 m) and that at Shakespeare Cliff was 2,040 yards (1,870 m) in length

January 1975

A UKrance government backed scheme that started in 1974 was cancelled

February 1986

The Treaty of Canterbury was signed allowing the project to proceed

June 1988

First tunnelling commenced in France

December 1988

UK TBM commenced operation

December 1990

The service tunnel broke through under the Channel

May 1994

The tunnel was formally opened by HM The Queen and President Mitterrand

Mid 1994

Freight and passenger trains commenced operation

November 1996

A fire in a lorry shuttle severely damaged the tunnel

November 2007

High Speed 1, linking London to the tunnel, opened

September 2008

Another fire in a lorry shuttle severely damaged the tunnel

December 2009

Eurostar trains stranded in the tunnel due to condensation affecting the trains' electrical hardware

In 1802, French mining engineer Albert Mathieu put forward a proposal to tunnel under the English Channel, with illumination from oil lamps, horse-drawn coaches, and an artificial island mid-Channel for changing horses.

In the 1830s, Frenchman Aim Thom de Gamond performed the first geological and hydrographical surveys on the Channel, between Calais and Dover. Thom de Gamond explored several schemes and, in 1856, he presented a proposal to Napoleon III for a mined railway tunnel from Cap Gris-Nez to Eastwater Point with a port/airshaft on the Varne sandbank at a cost of 170 million francs, or less than GB7 million.

Thom de Gamond's 1856 plan for a cross-Channel link, with a port/airshaft on the Varne sandbank mid-Channel

In 1865, a deputation led by George Ward Hunt proposed the idea of a tunnel to the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the day, William Ewart Gladstone.

After 1867, William Low and Sir John Clarke Hawkshaw promoted ideas, but none were implemented. An official Anglo-French protocol was established in 1876 for a cross-Channel railway tunnel. In 1881, British railway entrepreneur Sir William Watkin and French Suez Canal contractor Alexandre Lavalley were in the Anglo-French Submarine Railway Company that conducted exploratory work on both sides of the Channel. On the English side a 2.13-metre (7 ft) diameter Beumont-English boring machine dug a 1,893-metre (6,211 ft) pilot tunnel from Shakespeare Cliff. On the French side, a similar machine dug 1,669 metres (5,476 ft) from Sangatte. The project was abandoned in May 1882, owing to British political and press campaigns advocating that a tunnel would compromise Britain's national defences. These early works were encountered more than a century later during the TML project.

In 1955, defence arguments were accepted to be irrelevant because of the dominance of air power; thus, both the British and French governments supported technical and geological surveys. Construction work commenced on both sides of the Channel in 1974, a government-funded project using twin tunnels on either side of a service tunnel, with capability for car shuttle wagons. In January 1975, to the dismay of the French partners, the British government cancelled the project. The government had changed to the Labour Party and there was uncertainty about EC membership, cost estimates had ballooned to 200% and the national economy was troubled. By this time the British Priestly TBM was ready and the Ministry of Transport was able to do a 300 m experimental drive. This short tunnel would however be reused as the starting and access point for tunnelling operations from the British side.

In 1979, the "Mouse-hole Project" was suggested when the Conservatives came to power in Britain. The concept was a single-track rail tunnel with a service tunnel, but without shuttle terminals. The British government took no interest in funding the project, but Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said she had no objection to a privately funded project. In 1981 British and French leaders Margaret Thatcher and Franois Mitterrand agreed to set up a working group to look into a privately funded project, and in April 1985 promoters were formally invited to submit scheme proposals. Four submissions were shortlisted:

a rail proposal based on the 1975 scheme presented by Channel Tunnel Group/Franceanche (CTG/F),

Eurobridge: a 4.5 km span suspension bridge with a roadway in an enclosed tube

Euroroute: a 21 km tunnel between artificial islands approached by bridges, and

Channel Expressway: large diameter road tunnels with mid-channel ventilation towers.

The cross-Channel ferry industry protested under the name "Flexilink". In 1975 there was no campaign protesting a fixed link, with one of the largest ferry operators (Sealink) being state-owned. Flexilink continued rousing opposition throughout 1986 and 1987. Public opinion strongly favoured a drive-through tunnel, but ventilation issues, concerns about accident management, and fear of driver mesmerisation led to the only shortlisted rail submission, CTG/F-M, being awarded the project.

Arrangement

A block diagram describing the organisation structure used on the project. Eurotunnel is the central organisation for construction and operation (via a concession) of the tunnel

The British Channel Tunnel Group consisted of two banks and five construction companies, while their French counterparts, Franceanche, consisted of three banks and five construction companies. The role of the banks was to advise on financing and secure loan commitments. On 2 July 1985, the groups formed Channel Tunnel Group/Franceanche (CTG/F). Their submission to the British and French governments was drawn from the 1975 project, including 11 volumes and a substantial environmental impact statement.

The design and construction was done by the ten construction companies in the CTG/F-M group. The French terminal and boring from Sangatte was undertaken by the five French construction companies in the joint venture group GIE Transmanche Construction. The English Terminal and boring from Shakespeare Cliff was undertaken by the five British construction companies in the Trankslink Joint Venture. The two partnerships were linked by TransManche Link (TML), a bi- national project organisation. The Matre d'Oeuvre was a supervisory engineering body employed by Eurotunnel under the terms of the concession that monitored project activity and reported back to the governments and banks.

In France, with its long tradition of infrastructure investment, the project garnered widespread approval and in April 1987 the French National Assembly gave unanimous support and, in June 1987, after a public inquiry, the Senate gave unanimous support. In Britain, select committees examined the proposal, making history by holding hearings outside of Westminster, in Kent. In February 1987, the third reading of the Channel Tunnel Bill took place in the House of Commons, and was carried by 94 votes to 22. The Channel Tunnel Act gained Royal assent and passed into English law in July of that year.

The Channel Tunnel is a build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) project with a concession. TML would design and build the tunnel, but financing was through a separate legal entity: Eurotunnel. Eurotunnel absorbed CTG/F-M and signed a construction contract with TML; however, the British and French governments controlled final engineering and safety decisions. The British and French governments gave Eurotunnel a 55- (later 65-) year operating concession to repay loans and pay dividends. A Railway Usage Agreement was signed between Eurotunnel, British Rail and the Socit Nationale des Chemins de fer Franais guaranteeing future revenue in exchange for the railways obtaining half of the tunnel's capacity.

Private funding for such a complex infrastructure project was of unprecedented scale. An initial equity of 45 million was raised by CTG/F-M, increased by 206 million private institutional placement, 770 million was raised in a public share offer that included press and television advertisements, a syndicated bank loan and letter of credit arranged 5 billion. Privately financed, the total investment costs at 1985 prices were 2600 million. At the 1994 completion actual costs were, in 1985 prices, 4650 million: an 80% cost overrun. The cost overrun was partly due to enhanced safety, security, and environmental demands. Financing costs were 140% higher than forecast.

Construction

Eleven tunnel boring machines, working from both sides of the Channel, cut through chalk marl to construct two rail tunnels and a service tunnel. The vehicle shuttle terminals are at Cheriton (part of Folkestone) and Coquelles, and are connected to the British and French motorways (M20 and A16 respectively).

Tunnelling commenced in 1988, and the tunnel began operating in 1994. In 1985 prices, the total construction cost was 4650 million (equivalent to 10152 million today), an 80% cost overrun. At the peak of construction 15,000 people were employed with daily expenditure over 3 million. Ten workers, eight of them British, were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993, most in the first few months of boring.

Completion

The Channel Tunnel was opened in Calais on 6 May 1994 by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Franois Mitterrand

A small, two-inch (50-mm) diameter pilot hole allowed the service tunnel to break through without ceremony on 30 October 1990. On 1 December 1990, Englishman Graham Fagg and Frenchman Phillippe Cozette broke through the service tunnel with the media watching. Eurotunnel completed the tunnel on time, and the tunnel was officially opened by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Franois Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994. The Queen travelled through the tunnel to Calais on a Eurostar train, which stopped nose to nose with the train that carried President Mitterrand from Paris. Following the ceremony President Mitterrand and the Queen travelled on Le Shuttle to a similar ceremony in Folkestone.

The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), now called High Speed 1, runs 69 miles (111 km) from St Pancras railway station in London to the Channel Tunnel portal at Folkestone in Kent. It cost 5.8 billion. On 16 September 2003 UK Prime Minister Tony Blair opened the first section of High Speed 1, from Folkestone to north Kent. On 6 November 2007 the Queen officially opened High Speed 1 and St Pancras International station, replacing the original slower link to Waterloo International railway station. On High Speed 1 trains travelling at speeds up to 300 km/h (186 mph), the journey from London to Paris takes 2 hours 15 minutes and London to Brussels takes 1 hour 51 minutes.

In 1996, the American Society of Civil Engineers, with Popular Mechanics, selected the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

Engineering

The Channel Tunnel exhibit at the National Railway Museum in York, England, showing the circular cross section of the tunnel with the overhead line powering a Eurostar train. Also visible is the segmented tunnel lining

Surveying undertaken in the twenty years before tunnel construction confirmed earlier speculations that a tunnel route could be bored through a chalk marl stratum. The chalk marl was conducive to tunnelling, with impermeability, ease of excavation and strength. While on the English side the chalk marl ran along the entire length of the tunnel, on the French side a length of 5 kilometres (3 mi) had variable and difficult geology. The Channel Tunnel consists of three bores: two 7.6-metre (25 ft) diameter rail tunnels, 30 metres (98 ft) apart, 50 kilometres (31 mi) in length with a 4.8-metre (16 ft) diameter service tunnel in between. There are also cross-passages and piston relief ducts. The service tunnel was used as a pilot tunnel, boring ahead of the main tunnels to determine the conditions. English access was provided at Shakespeare Cliff, while French access came from a shaft at Sangatte. The French side used five tunnel boring machines (TBMs), the English side used six. The service tunnel uses Service Tunnel Transport System (STTS) and Light Service Tunnel Vehicles (LADOGS). Fire safety was a critical design issue.

Between the portals at Beussingue and Castle Hill the tunnel is 50.5 kilometres (31 mi) long, with 3.3 kilometres (2 mi) under land on the French side, 9.3 kilometres (6 mi) under land on the UK side and 37.9 kilometres (24 mi) under sea. This makes the Channel Tunnel the second longest rail tunnel in the world, behind the Seikan Tunnel in Japan, but with the longest under-sea section. The average depth is 45 metres (148 ft) below the seabed. On the UK side, of the expected 5 million cubic metres (6.510^6 cu yd) of spoil approximately 1 million cubic metres (1.310^6 cu yd) was used for fill at the terminal site, and the remainder was deposited at Lower Shakespeare Cliff behind a seawall, reclaiming 74 acres (30 ha) of land. This land was then made into the Samphire Hoe Country Park. Environmental impact assessment did not identify any major risks for the project, and further studies into safety, noise, and air pollution were overall positive. However, environmental objections were raised over a high-speed link to London.

Geology

Geological profile along the tunnel as constructed. For the majority of its length the tunnel bores through a chalk marl stratum (layer)

Successful tunnelling under the channel required a sound understanding of the topography and geology and the selection of the best rock strata through which to tunnel. The geology generally consists of northeasterly dipping Cretaceous strata, part of the northern limb of the Wealden-Boulonnais dome. Characteristics include:

Continuous chalk on the cliffs on either side of the Channel containing no major faulting, as observed by Verstegan in 1698

Four geological strata, marine sediments laid down 90100 million years ago; pervious upper and middle chalk above slightly pervious lower chalk and finally impermeable Gault Clay. A sandy stratum, glauconitic marl (tortia), is in between the chalk marl and gault clay

A 2530-metre (8298 ft) layer of chalk marl (French: craie bleue) in the lower third of the lower chalk appeared to present the best tunnelling medium. The chalk has a clay content of 3040% providing impermeability to groundwater yet relatively easy excavation with strength allowing minimal support. Ideally the tunnel would be bored in the bottom 15 metres (49 ft) of the chalk marl, allowing water inflow from fractures and joints to be minimised, but above the gault clay that would increase stress on the tunnel lining and swell and soften when wet.

On the English side of the channel, the strata dip less than 5, however, on the French side, this increases to 20. Jointing and faulting is present on both the English and French sides. On the English side, only minor faults of displacement less than 2 metres (7 ft) exist. On the French side, displacements of up to 15 metres (49 ft) are present owing to the Quenocs anticlinal fold. The faults are of limited width, filled with calcite, pyrite and remoulded clay. The increased dip and faulting restricted the selection of route on the French side. To avoid confusion microfossil assemblages were used to classify the chalk marl. On the French side, particularly near the coast, the chalk was harder, more brittle, and more fractured than on the English side. This led to the adoption of different tunnelling techniques on the French and English sides.

No major geological hazards were identified; however, the Quaternary undersea valley Fosse Dangaered, and Castle Hill landslip located at the English portal, caused concerns. Identified by the 196465 geophysical survey, the Fosse Dangaered is an infilled valley system extending 80 metres (262 ft) below the seabed, 500 metres (1,640 ft) south of the tunnel route, located mid-channel. A 1986 survey showed that a tributary crossed the path of the tunnel, and so the tunnel route was made as far north and deep as possible. The English terminal had to be located in the Castle Hill landslip, which consists of displaced and tipping blocks of lower chalk, glauconitic marl and gault debris. Thus the area was stabilised by buttressing and inserting drainage adits. The service tunnels were pilot tunnels preceding the main tunnels, so that the geology, areas of crushed rock, and zones of high water inflow could be predicted. Exploratory probing took place in the service tunnels, in the form of extensive forward probing, vertical downward probes and sideways probing.

Surveying

Marine soundings and samplings by Thom de Gamond were carried out during 183367, establishing the seabed depth at a maximum of 55 metres (180 ft) and the continuity of geological strata (layers). Surveying continued over many years, with 166 marine and 70 land-deep boreholes being drilled and over 4000 line kilometres of marine geophysical survey completed. Surveys were undertaken in 195859, 196465, 197274 and 198688.

The surveying in 195859 catered for immersed tube and bridge designs as well as a bored tunnel, and thus a wide area was investigated. At this time marine geophysics surveying for engineering projects was in its infancy, with poor positioning and resolution from seismic profiling. The 1964-65 surveys concentrated on a northerly route that left the English coast at Dover harbour; using 70 boreholes, an area of deeply weathered rock with high permeability was located just south of Dover harbour.

Given the previous survey results and access constraints, a more southerly route was investigated in the 197273 survey and the route was confirmed to be feasible. Information for the tunnelling project also came from work before the 1975 cancellation. On the French side at Sangatte a deep shaft with adits was made. On the English side at Shakespeare Cliff, the government allowed 250 metres (820 ft) of 4.5 metres (15 ft) diameter tunnel to be driven. The actual tunnel alignment, method of excavation and support were essentially the same as the 1975 attempt. In the 198697 survey, previous findings were reinforced and the nature of the gault clay and tunnelling medium, chalk marl that made up 85% of the route, were investigated. Geophysical techniques from the oil industry were employed.

Tunnelling

Typical tunnel cross section, with a service tunnel between twin rail tunnels. Shown linking the rail tunnels is a piston relief duct, necessary to manage pressure changes due to the movement of trains

Tunnelling between England and France was a major engineering challenge, with the only precedent being the undersea Seikan Tunnel in Japan. A serious risk with underwater tunnels is major water inflow due to the water pressure from the sea above under weak ground conditions. The Channel Tunnel also had the challenge of timeeing privately funded, early financial return was paramount.

The objective was to construct: two 7.6-metre (25 ft) diameter rail tunnels, 30 metres (98 ft) apart, 50 kilometres (31 mi) in length; a 4.8-metre (16 ft) diameter service tunnel between the two main tunnels; pairs of 3.3-metre (11 ft) diameter cross-passages linking the rail tunnels to the service tunnel at 375-metre (1,230 ft) spacing; piston relief ducts 2-metre (7 ft) diameter connecting the rail tunnels at 250-metre (820 ft) spacing; two undersea crossover caverns to connect the rail tunnels. The service tunnel always preceded the main tunnels by at least 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) to ascertain the ground conditions. There was plenty of experience with tunnelling through chalk in the mining industry. The undersea crossover caverns were a complex engineering problem. The French cavern was based on the Mount Baker Ridge freeway tunnel in the USA. The UK cavern was dug from the service tunnel ahead of the main tunnels to avoid delay.

Precast segmental linings in the main TBM drives were used, but different solutions were used on the English and French sides. On the French side, neoprene and grout sealed bolted linings made of cast iron or high-strength reinforced concrete were used. On the English side, the main requirement was for speed and bolting of cast-iron lining segments was only carried out in areas of poor geology. In the UK rail tunnels, eight lining segments plus a key segment were used; on the French side, five segments plus a key segment. On the French side, a 55-metre (180 ft) diameter 75-metre (246 ft) deep grout-curtained shaft at Sangatte was used for access. On the English side, a marshalling area was 140 metres (459 ft) below the top of Shakespeare Cliff, and the New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM) was first applied in the chalk marl here. On the English side, the land tunnels were driven from Shakespeare Cliff, the same place as the marine tunnels, not from Folkestone. The platform at the base of the cliff was not large enough for all of the drives and, despite environmental objections, tunnel spoil was placed behind a reinforced concrete seawall, on condition of placing the chalk in an enclosed lagoon to avoid wide dispersal of chalk fines. Owing to limited space, the precast lining factory was on the Isle of Grain in the Thames estuary.

On the French side, owing to the greater permeability to water, earth pressure balance TBMs with open and closed modes were used. The TBMs were of a closed nature during the initial 5 kilometres (3 mi), but then operated as open, boring through the chalk marl stratum. This minimised the impact to the ground and allowed high water pressures to be withstood, and it also alleviated the need to grout ahead of the tunnel. The French effort required five TBMs: two main marine machines, one main land machine (the short land drives of 3 km allowed one TBM to complete the first drive then reverse direction and complete the other), and two service tunnel machines. On the English side, the simpler geology allowed faster open-faced TBMs. Six machines were used, all commenced digging from Shakespeare Cliff, three marine-bound and three for the land tunnels. Towards the completion of the undersea drives, the UK TBMs were driven steeply downwards and buried clear of the tunnel. The French TBMs then completed the tunnel and were dismantled. A 900 mm gauge railway was used on the English side during construction.

In contrast to the English machines, which were simply given alphanumeric names, the French tunnelling machines were all named after women: Brigitte, Europa, Catherine, Virginie, Pascaline, Sverine.

Railway design

Interior of Eurotunnel Shuttle, a vehicle shuttle train. The largest railway wagons in the world, the shuttle trains transport vehicles between terminals on either side of the tunnel

Communications

There are three communication systems in the tunnel: concession radio (CR) for mobile vehicles and personnel within Eurotunnel's Concession (terminals, tunnels, coastal shafts); track-to-train radio (TTR) for secure speech and data between trains and the railway control centre; Shuttle internal radio (SIR) for communication between shuttle crew and to passengers over car radios.

Power supply

All tunnel services run on electricity, shared equally from English and French sources. Power is delivered to the locomotives via an overhead line (catenary) at 25 kV 50 Hz.

A large proportion of the railway south of London uses a 750 V DC third rail to deliver electrical power; however since the opening of High Speed 1 there is no need to use the third rail system for any part of the Eurostar journey. High Speed 1, the tunnel itself and the route to Paris has power provided via overhead catenary at 25 kV 50 Hz. The railways in Brussels are also electrified by overhead catenaries, but at 3000 V DC.

Signalling

A cab signalling system is used that gives information directly to train drivers on a display. There is Automatic Train Protection (ATP) that stops the train if the speed differs from that indicated on the in-cab display. TVM430, as used on LGV Nord, is used in the tunnel. The maximum allowed speed is 160 km/h.

Track system

The American Sonneville International Corporation track system consisting of UIC60 rails on 900A grade resting on microcellular EVA pads, bolted into concrete was chosen. The larger European GB+ loading gauge was used rather that one of the smaller UK alternatives; this gauge is maintained on High Speed 1 as far as Barking in east London. ballasted track was ruled out owing to maintenance constraints and a need for geometric stability.

Rolling stock

Eurotunnel Shuttle

Main articles: Eurotunnel Shuttle and Eurotunnel Class 9

Initially 38 Le Shuttle locomotives were commissioned, working in pairs with one at each end of a shuttle train. The shuttles have two separate halves: single and double deck. Each half has two loading/unloading wagons and twelve carrier wagons. Eurotunnel's original order was for nine tourist shuttles.

HGV shuttles also have two halves, with each half containing one loading wagon, one unloading wagon and 14 carrier wagons. There is a club car behind the leading locomotive. Eurotunnel originally ordered six HGV shuttles rakes.

Freight locomotives

See also: British Rail Class 92

Forty-six Class 92 locomotives for hauling freight trains and overnight passenger trains (the Nightstar project, which was abandoned) were commissioned, which can run on both overhead AC and third-rail DC power.

International passenger

Main article: British Rail Class 373

Thirty-one Eurostar trainsased on the French TGVuilt to UK loading gauge, and with many modifications for safety within the tunnel, were commissioned, with split ownership between British Rail, French National Railway Company and National Railway Company of Belgium. British Rail ordered seven more for services north of London.

At the end of 2009, extensive fire-proofing requirements were dropped and Deutsche Bahn received permission to run German Intercity-Express (ICE) trains through the Channel Tunnel in the future.

Service locomotives

Diesel locomotives for rescue and shunting work are Eurotunnel Class 0001 and Eurotunnel Class 0031.

Operation

Usage and services

A Channel Tunnel traffic graph showing the number of passengers and tonnes of freight. Freight vehicle shuttle numbers dropped in 1996/7 owing to closure of the service after the November 1996 fire

The British terminal at Cheriton in west Folkestone. The terminal services shuttle trains that carry vehicles, and is linked to the M20 motorway

The Folkestone White Horse is the last view of England for most passengers embarking at the Cheriton terminal

Services offered by the tunnel are:

Eurotunnel Shuttle (formerly Le Shuttle) roll-on roll-off shuttle service for road vehicles,

Eurostar passenger trains,

through freight trains.

Both the freight and passenger traffic forecasts that led to the construction of the tunnel were largely and universally overestimated. Particularly, Eurotunnel's commissioned forecasts were over-predictions. Although the captured share of Channel crossings (competing with air and sea) was forecast correctly, high competition and reduced tariffs has led to low revenue. Overall cross-Channel traffic was overestimated.

Passenger traffic volumes

Total cross-tunnel passenger traffic volumes peaked at 18.4 million in 1998, then dropped to 14.9 million in 2003, from then rising again to 16.1 million in 2008.

At the time of deciding to build the tunnel, 15.9 million passengers were predicted for Eurostar trains in the opening year. In 1995, the first full year, actual numbers were a little over 2.9 million, growing to 7.1 million in 2000, then dropping again to 6.3 million in 2003. However, Eurostar was also limited by the lack of a high-speed connection on the British side. After the completion of High Speed 1 (formerly CTRL) to London in two stages in 2003 and 2007, traffic increased. In 2008, Eurostar carried 9,113,371 passengers in cross-Channel-Tunnel traffic, a 10% increase over the previous year, despite traffic limitations due to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire.

 Year 

Passengers transported...

by Eurostar[A]

(actual ticket sales)

by Eurotunnel Passenger Shuttles

(estimated, millions)

Total

(estimated, millions)

1994

~100,000

0.2

0.3

1995

2,920,309

4.4

7.3

1996

4,995,010

7.9

12.9

1997

6,004,268

8.6

14.6

1998

6,307,849

12.1

18.4

1999

6,593,247

11.0

17.6

2000

7,130,417

9.9

17.0

2001

6,947,135

9.4

16.3

2002

6,602,817

8.6

15.2

2003

6,314,795

8.6

14.9

2004

7,276,675

7.8

15.1

2005

7,454,497

8.2

15.7

2006

7,858,337

7.8

15.7

2007

8,260,980

7.9

16.2

2008

9,113,371

7.0

16.1

A only passengers taking Eurostar to cross the Channel

Freight traffic volumes

Cross-tunnel freight traffic volumes have been erratic, with a decrease during 1997 due to a closure caused by a fire in a freight shuttle. The total freight crossings increased over the period, indicating the substitutability of the tunnel by sea crossings. The tunnel has achieved a cross-Channel freight traffic market share close to or above Eurotunnel's 1980s predictions but Eurotunnel's 1990 and 1994 predictions were overestimates.

For freight transported on through freight trains, the first year freight prediction was 7.2 million gross tonnes, however, the 1995 figure was 1.3 million gross tonnes. Through freight volumes peaked in 1998 at 3.1 million tonnes. However, with continuing problems, this figure fell back to 1.21 million tonnes in 2007, increasing again slightly to 1.24 million tonnes in 2008.

However, together with that carried on freight shuttles, freight traffic growth has occurred since opening, with 6.4 million tonnes carried in 1995, 18.4 million tonnes recorded in 2003 and 19.6 million tonnes in 2007.

 Year 

Freight transported...

by through freight trains

(actual tonnes)

by Eurotunnel Truck Shuttles

(estimated, million tonnes)

Total

(estimated, million tonnes)

1994

0

0.8

0.8

1995

1,349,802

5.1

6.4

1996

2,783,774

6.7

9.5

1997

2,925,171

3.3

6.2

1998

3,141,438

9.2

12.3

1999

2,865,251

10.9

13.8

2000

2,947,385

14.7

17.6

2001

2,447,432

15.6

18.0

2002

1,463,580

15.6

17.1

2003

1,743,686

16.7

18.4

2004

1,889,175

16.6

18.5

2005

1,587,790

17.0

18.6

2006

1,569,429

16.9

18.5

2007

1,213,647

18.4

19.6

2008

~1,240,000[B]

14.2

15.4

B From October 2007, Eurotunnel invoices through railfreight by trains rather than tonne.

Eurotunnel's freight subsidiary is Europorte 2. In September 2006 EWS, the UK's largest rail freight operator, announced that owing to cessation of UK-French government subsidies of 52 million per annum to cover the Channel Tunnel "Minimum User Charge" (a subsidy of around 13,000 per train, at a traffic level of 4,000 trains per annum), freight trains would stop running after 30 November.

Economic performance

Shares in Eurotunnel were issued at 3.50 per share on 9 December 1987. By mid-1989 the price had risen to 11.00. Delays and cost overruns led to the share price dropping; during demonstration runs in October 1994 the share price reached an all-time low value. Eurotunnel suspended payment on its debt in September 1995 to avoid bankruptcy. In December 1997 the British and French governments extended Eurotunnel's operating concession by 34 years to 2086. Financial restructuring of Eurotunnel occurred in mid-1998, reducing debt and financial charges. Despite the restructuring The Economist reported in 1998 that to break even Eurotunnel would have to increase fares, traffic and market share for sustainability. A cost benefit analysis of the Channel Tunnel indicated that there were few impacts on the wider economy and few developments associated with the project, and that the British economy would have been better off if the tunnel had not been constructed.

Under the terms of the Concession, Eurotunnel was obliged to investigate a cross-Channel road tunnel. In December 1999 road and rail tunnel proposals were presented to the British and French governments, but it was stressed that there was not enough demand for a second tunnel. A three-way treaty between the United Kingdom, France and Belgium governs border controls, with the establishment of control zones wherein the officers of the other nation may exercise limited customs and law enforcement powers. For most purposes these are at either end of the tunnel, with the French border controls on the UK side of the tunnel and vice versa. For certain city-to-city trains, the train itself represents a control zone. A binational emergency plan coordinates UK and French emergency activities.

In 1999 Eurostar posted its first ever net profits, having previously made a loss of 925m in 1995.

Terminals

A Peugeot 807 entering a shuttle wagon at the French terminal at Coquelles near Calais in northern France

The terminals sites are at Cheriton (Folkestone in the United Kingdom) and Coquelles (Calais in France). The terminals are unique facilities designed to transfer vehicles from the motorway onto trains at a rate of 700 cars and 113 heavy vehicles per hour. The UK site uses the M20 motorway. The terminals are organised with the frontier controls juxtaposed with the entry to the system to allow travellers to go onto the motorway at the destination country immediately after leaving the shuttle. The area of the UK site was severely constrained and the design was challenging. The French layout was achieved more easily. To achieve design output, the shuttles accept cars on double-decks; for flexibility, ramps were placed inside the shuttles to provide access to the top decks. At Folkestone there is 20 kilometres (12 mi) of mainline track and 45 turnouts with eight platforms. At Calais there is 30 kilometres (19 mi) of track with 44 turnouts. At the terminals the shuttle trains traverse a figure eight to reduce uneven wear on the wheels.

Regional impact

A 1996 report from the European Commission predicted that Kent and Nord-Pas de Calais had to face increased traffic volumes due to general growth of cross-Channel traffic and traffic attracted by the tunnel. In Kent, a high-speed rail line to London would transfer traffic from road to rail. Kent's regional development would benefit from the tunnel, but being so close to London restricts the benefits. Gains are in the traditional industries and are largely dependent on the development of Ashford International passenger station, without which Kent would be totally dependent on London's expansion. Nord-Pas-de-Calais enjoys a strong internal symbolic effect of the Tunnel which results in significant gains in manufacturing.

The removal of a bottleneck by means like the Channel Tunnel does not necessarily induce economic gains in all adjacent regions, the image of a region being connected to the European high-speed transport and active political response are more important for regional economic development. Tunnel-induced regional development is small compared to general economic growth. The South East of England is likely to benefit developmentally and socially from faster and cheaper transport to continental Europe, but the benefits are unlikely to be equally distributed throughout the region. The overall environmental impact is almost certainly negative.

Five years after the opening of the tunnel, there were few and small impacts on the wider economy, and it was difficult to identify major developments associated with the tunnel. It has been postulated that the British economy would have actually been better off without the costs from the construction project, both Eurotunnel and Eurostar, companies heavily involved in the Channel Tunnel's construction and operation, have had to resort to large amounts of government aid to deal with debts amounted. Eurotunnel has been described as being in a serious situation.

Incidents

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Fires

Main articles: 1996 Channel Tunnel fire and 2008 Channel Tunnel fire

There have been three fires in the Channel Tunnel that were significant enough to close the tunnelll on the heavy goods vehicle (HGV) shuttlesnd other more minor incidents.

During an "invitation only" testing phase on 9 December 1994 a fire broke out in a Ford Escort car whilst its owner had been loading it on to the upper deck of a tourist shuttle. The fire started at approximately 10:00 with the shuttle train stationary in the Folkestone terminal and was extinguished around 40 minutes later with no passenger injuries.

On 18 November 1996 a fire broke out on a heavy goods vehicle shuttle wagon in the tunnel but nobody was seriously hurt. The exact cause is unknown, although it was not a Eurotunnel equipment or rolling stock problem; it may have been due to arson of a heavy goods vehicle. It is estimated that the heart of the fire reached 1,000 C (1,800 F), with the tunnel severely damaged over 46 metres (151 ft), with some 500 metres (1,640 ft) affected to some extent. Full operation recommenced six months after the fire.

The tunnel was closed for several hours on 21 August 2006, when a truck on an HGV shuttle train caught fire. On 11 September 2008 a fire occurred in the Channel Tunnel at 13:57 GMT. The incident started on a freight-carrying vehicle train travelling towards France. The event occurred 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the French entrance to the tunnel. No one was killed but several people were taken to hospitals suffering from smoke inhalation, and minor cuts and bruises. The tunnel was closed to all traffic, with the undamaged South Tunnel reopening for limited services two days later. Full service resumed on 9 February 2009 after repairs costing 60 million.

Train failures

On the night of 19/20 February 1996, approximately 1,000 passengers became trapped in the Channel Tunnel when two British Rail Class 373 trains on continent-bound Eurostar service broke down owing to electronic failures caused by snow and ice.

On 3 August 2007 an electrical failure lasting six hours caused passengers to be trapped in the tunnel on a Eurotunnelshuttle crossing.

On the evening of 18 December 2009, during the December 2009 European snowfall, five London-bound trains operating Eurostar services failed inside the tunnel, trapping 2,000 passengers in the tunnel overnight. The large number of failed trains meant that both running tunnels were blocked. Five Class 373 trains had departed from Brussels and Paris and encountered cold temperatures in Northern France, the coldest for eight years. A Eurotunnel spokesperson explained that the problem had arisen because of 'fluffy snow' in France, which had evaded the 'winterisation' shields designed to stop snow getting into the electrics. Electrical failure was then caused by the transition from the cold air in France to the warm atmosphere inside the tunnel. Four of the failed trains had been carrying passengers, with the fifth being empty; one train from Brussels had been turned back to Brussels before reaching the tunnel. Two trains were hauled out of the tunnel using diesel-powered Eurotunnel Class 0001. The blocking of the Channel Tunnel led to the implementation of Operation Stack, the transformation of the M20 motorway into a linear car park.

Problems started at around 21:00, with Kent fire brigade being alerted at 21:46. The journeys of those involved took between eleven and sixteen hours. Snow that had built up on the trains then melted in the heat of the tunnel, the water causing electrical faults. Of the five Class 373 trains and two turned back:

18:59 Brusselsondon (9157); towed to London St Pancras by a Eurotunnel diesel locomotive. Delay of 3 hours 49 minutes.

18:43 Parisondon (9053); 700 passengers evacuated via service tunnel to an empty Eurotunnel shuttle train in opposite running tunnel. Passengers taken to Ashford International railway station, for conventional trains to London. Late into London by 12 hours, arriving at 08:00 the next morning.

19:13 Parisondon (9055); Coupled to adjacent 20:13 Eurostar train behind and dragged out by diesel locomotive, then continued to London. Hauled to Folkestone and picked up passengers from 20:13 Paris service behind it.

19:37 Disneylandondon (9057); 664 passengers evacuated via service tunnel to an empty Eurotunnel shuttle train in opposite running tunnel and taken via France.

20:13 Parisondon (9059); Coupled to adjacent 19:13 Eurostar train in front, passengers transferred to the earlier 19:13 train for journey to London or taken via Folkestone and transported in five coaches by road to London.

20:29 Brusselsondon (9163), held at Calais then turned back to Brussels before reaching the Channel Tunnel.

21:13 Parisondon (9063), held at Calais then turned back to Paris before reaching the Channel Tunnel.

The occasion was the first time during the fifteen years that a Eurostar train had to be evacuated inside the tunnel itself; the failing of four at once being described as "unprecedented". The Channel Tunnel reopened at 05:40 CET the following morning.

The following evening, on 19 December 2009, an extra Eurostar service from Paris broke down. The train successfully negotiated the Channel Tunnel itself, then broke down outside. A second train was sent to tow the first to London, but failed at 18:25 while trying to haul it up a steep incline crossing Thurrock Viaduct on the outskirts of London. Eurostar passenger services restarted on 22 December 2009.

Nirj Deva, Member of the European Parliament for South East England, has called on Eurostar chief executive Richard Brown to resign over the incidents.

A further Class 373 unit on Brusselsondon service broke down in the tunnel on 7 January 2010. The train had 236 passengers on board and was towed to Ashford; other trains that had not yet reached the tunnel were turned back.

An independent report on the 18/19 December 2009 incidents was issued on 12 February 2010. The report was compiled by Christopher Garnett (former CEO of Great North Eastern Railway) and Claude Gressier (a French transport expert) and made 21 recommendations.


Asylum and immigration

Immigrants and would-be asylum seekers have been known to use the tunnel to attempt to enter Britain. By 1997, the problem had already attracted international press attention, and the French Red Cross opened a refugee centre at Sangatte in 1999, using a warehouse once used for tunnel construction; by 2002 it housed up to 1500 persons at a time, most of them trying to get to the UK. At one point, large numbers came from Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran, but African and Eastern European countries are also represented.

Most migrants who got into Britain found some way to ride a freight train, but others used Eurostar. Though the facilities were fenced, airtight security was deemed impossible; refugees would even jump from bridges onto moving trains. In several incidents people were injured during the crossing; others tampered with railway equipment, causing delays and requiring repairs. Eurotunnel said it was losing 5m per month because of the problem. A dozen refugees have died in crossing attempts.

In 2001 and 2002, several riots broke out at Sangatte and groups of refugees (up to 550 in a December 2001 incident) stormed the fences and attempted to enter en masse. Immigrants have also arrived as legitimate Eurostar passengers without proper entry papers.

Local authorities in both France and the UK called for the closure of Sangatte, and Eurotunnel twice sought an injunction against the centre. The United Kingdom blamed France for allowing Sangatte to open, and France blamed the UK for its lax asylum rules and the EU for not having a uniform immigration policy. The cause clbre nature of the problem even included journalists detained as they followed refugees onto railway property.

In 2002, after the European Commission told France that it was in breach of European Union rules on the free transfer of goods, because of the delays and closures as a result of its poor security, a double fence was built at a cost of 5 million, reducing the numbers of refugees detected each week reaching Britain on goods trains from 250 to almost none. Other measures included CCTV cameras and increased police patrols. At the end of 2002, the Sangatte centre was closed after the UK agreed to take some of its refugees.

See also: asylum shopping

Safety

The service tunnel is used for access to technical equipment in cross-passages and equipment rooms, to provide fresh-air ventilation, and for emergency evacuation. The Service Tunnel Transport System (STTS) allows fast access to all areas of the tunnel. The service vehicles are rubber-tyred with a buried guidance wire system. Twenty-four STTS vehicles were made, and are used mainly for maintenance but also for firefighting and in emergencies. "Pods" with different purposes, up to a payload of 2.55 t (2.85.5 tons), are inserted into the side of the vehicles. The STTS vehicles cannot turn around within the tunnel, and are driven from either end. The maximum speed is 80 km/h (50 mph) when the steering is locked. A smaller fleet of fifteen Light Service Tunnel Vehicles (LADOGS) were introduced to supplement the STTSs. The LADOGS have a short wheelbase with a 3.4 m (11 ft) turning circle allowing two-point turns within the service tunnel. Steering cannot be locked like the STTS vehicles, and maximum speed is 50 km/h (31 mph). Pods up to 1 tonne can be loaded onto the rear of the vehicles. Drivers in the tunnel sit on the right, and the vehicles drive on the left. Owing to the risk of French personnel driving on their native right side of the road, sensors in the road vehicles alert the driver if the vehicle strays to the right side of the tunnel.

The three tunnels contain 6,000 tonnes (6,600 tons) of air that needs to be conditioned for comfort and safety. Air is supplied from ventilation buildings at Shakespeare Cliff and Sangatte, with each building capable of full duty providing 100% standby capacity. Supplementary ventilation also exists on either side of the tunnel. In the event of a fire, ventilation is used to keep smoke out of the service tunnel and move smoke in one direction in the main tunnel to give passengers clean air. The Channel Tunnel was the first mainline railway tunnel to have special cooling equipment. Heat is generated from traction equipment and drag. The design limit was set at 30 C (86 F), using a mechanical cooling system with refrigeration plants on both the English and French sides that run chilled water circulating in pipes within the tunnel.

Trains travelling at high speed create piston-effect pressure changes that can affect passenger comfort, ventilation systems, tunnel doors, fans and the structure of the trains, and drag on the trains. Piston relief ducts of 2-metre (7 ft) diameter were chosen to solve the problem, with 4 ducts per kilometre to give close to optimum results. Unfortunately this design led to unacceptable lateral forces on the trains so a reduction in train speed was required and restrictors were installed in the ducts.

The safety issue of a fire on a passenger-vehicle shuttle garnered much attention, with Eurotunnel itself noting that fire was the risk gathering the most attention in a 1994 Safety Case for three reasons: ferry companies opposed to passengers being allowed to remain with their cars; Home Office statistics indicating that car fires had doubled in ten years; and the long length of the tunnel. Eurotunnel commissioned the UK Fire Research Station to give reports of vehicle fires, as well as liaising with Kent Fire Brigade to gather vehicle fire statistics over one year. Fire tests took place at the French Mines Research Establishment with a mock wagon used to investigate how cars burned. The wagon door systems are designed to withstand fire inside the wagon for 30 minutes, longer than the transit time of 27 minutes. Wagon air conditioning units help to purge dangerous fumes from inside the wagon before travel. Each wagon has a fire detection and extinguishing system, with sensing of ions or ultraviolet radiation, smoke and gases that can trigger halon gas to quench a fire. Since the Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) wagons are not covered, fire sensors are located on the loading wagon and in the tunnel itself. A 10-inch (250 mm) water main in the service tunnel provides water to the main tunnels at 125-metre (410 ft) intervals. The ventilation system can control smoke movement. Special arrival sidings exist to accept a train that is on fire, as the train is not allowed to stop whilst on fire in the tunnel. Eurotunnel has banned a wide range of hazardous goods from travelling in the tunnel. Two STTS vehicles with firefighting pods are on duty at all times, with a maximum delay of 10 minutes before they reach a burning train.

See also

British Rail Class 373

Irish Sea tunnel

Japan-Korea Undersea Tunnel

List of Rail megaprojects

Samphire Hoe

Notes

^ "The Channel Tunnel". raileurope.com. http://www.raileurope.com/us/rail/eurostar/channel_tunnel.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ a b Institute of Civil Engineers p. 95

^ "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/extreme_machines/4217338.html?series=23. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ a b Chisholm, Michael (1995). Britain on the edge of Europe. London: Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 0415119219. 

^ a b Reynolds, Christopher (19 May 1996). "Seven Wonders of the World: The Modern List". The Plain Dealer. 

^ a b Whiteside p. 17

^ "The Channel Tunnel". library.thinkquest.org. http://library.thinkquest.org/5983/pages/chunnel.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson pp. 1421

^ a b Flyvbjerg et al. p. 12

^ "Four men caught in Channel Tunnel". BBC News. 4 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/7171985.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ "Sangatte refugee camp". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/may/23/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices1. Retrieved 19 July 2009}. 

^ "Subterranea Britannica: Channel Tunnel - 1880 attempt". subbrit.org. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/c/channel_tunnel_1880_attempt/index.shtml. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ Whiteside pp. 1823

^ "The Proposed Tunnel Between England and France". The New York Times. 7 August 1866. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A00EFD9133DE53BBC4F53DFBE66838D679FDE. Retrieved 3 January 2008. 

^ Gladstone, William (1902). A. W. Hutton & H.J. Cohen. ed. The Speeches Of The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone On Home Rule, Criminal Law, Welsh And Irish Nationality, National Debt And The Queen's Reign. The Speeches And Public Addresses Of The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P.. X. London: Methuen And Company. 

^ Kirkland pp. 1011

^ a b c Flyvbjerg et al. pp. 9697

^ Flyvbjerg et al. p. 3

^ a b "On this day: Tunnel links UK and Europe". BBC News. 1 December 1990. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1/newsid_2516000/2516473.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ a b c Anderson, pp. xvivii

^ Harlow, John (2 April 1995). "Phantom Trains Wreak Havoc in Channel Tunnel". The Times. 

^ "ingenious: Navvies". ingenious. 11 March 2008. http://www.ingenious.org.uk/Read/Identity/RailwaysandIdentity/Navvies/. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ "Thirteen workers die as safety standards are ignored in race to build Olympic sites". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/thirteen-workers-die-as-safety-standards-are-ignored-in-race-to-build-olympic-sites-558698.html. Retrieved 26 September 2008. 

^ Glenn Frankel (31 October 1990). "Britain and France Link Up-at Last". The Washington Post. 

^ "Chunnel birthday". Evening Mail (Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd). 2 December 2000. 

^ a b "On This Day - 1994: President and Queen open Chunnel". BBC News. 6 May 1994. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/6/newsid_2511000/2511653.stm. Retrieved 12 January 2008. 

^ Woodman, Peter (14 November 2007). "High-speed Rail Link Finally Completed". Press Association National Newswire. 

^ "New high-speed rail line opens to link Britain to Europe". Channel NewsAsia (MediaCorp News). 15 November 2007. 

^ Gilbert, Jane (1 December 2006). "`Chunnel' workers link France and Britain". The Daily Post (New Zealand) (APN New Zealand Ltd). 

^ Kirkland p. 13

^ Institute of Civil Engineers p. 208

^ Flyvbjerg et al. p. 51

^ Harris, C.S. et al., ed (1996). Engineering Geology of the Channel Tunnel. London: Thomas Telford. p. 57. ISBN 0727720457. 

^ a b c Kirkland pp. 2150

^ a b c Kirkland pp. 2226

^ a b c d Kirkland pp. 63128

^ Wilson p. 38

^ Kirkland p. 29

^ Wilson p. 44

^ Kirkland pp. 117128

^ Pierre-Jean Pompee. "Channel Tunnel: Tunnel's Construction". pagesperso-orange.fr. http://pagesperso-orange.fr/batisseurs-tunnel/3tunnels.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ Kirkland pp. 129132

^ Kirkland pp. 134148

^ a b Article: Railway electric traction 9 August 2009

^ Kirkland pp. 149155

^ Article-de: Eurotunnel#Betrieb 9 August 2009

^ a b Kirkland pp. 157174

^ "Strategic Freight Network: The Longer-Term Vision". Department for Transport. http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/strategyfinance/strategy/freightnetwork/. Retrieved 17 May 2009. 

^ Kirkland pp. 175211

^ Edmonds, Sam (16 December 2009). "Deutsche Bahn gets access to Channel Tunnel". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5018915,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-all-1573-rdf. Retrieved 20 December 2009. 

^ "Deutsche Bahn allowed through chunnel". Austin News. 16 December 2009. http://www.austinnews.net/story/578370. Retrieved 20 December 2009. 

^ a b Flyvbjerg et al. p. 22

^ a b c d e f g Ricard Anguera (May 2006). "The Channel Tunneln ex post economic evaluation". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 40 (4): 291315. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2005.08.009. 

^ a b "Eurotunnel 2008 traffic and revenue figures". Eurotunnel. 15 January 2009. http://www.eurotunnel.com. Retrieved 15 January 2009. 

^ a b c d e "Traffic figures". Eurotunnel. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTheGroup/ukcOperations/ukpTraffic. Retrieved 15 January 2009. 

^ a b "Study Report Annex 2". Initial East Kent and Ashford Sub-Regional Study for The South East Plan. South East England Regional Assembly. June 2004. pp. Table 11. http://www.southeast-ra.gov.uk/southeastplan/key/study_areas/initial_studies/east_kent_ashford_annex 2.xls. Retrieved 21 January 2009. 

^ "Eurotunnel 2003 Revenue & Traffic". Eurotunnel. 20 January 2004. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2004/ukcJanuary2004/ukpPr0401Revenue.htm. Retrieved 21 January 2009. 

^ a b "Eurotunnel: 2005 Traffic and revenue figures.". Eurotunnel. 16 January 2006. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2006/ukcJanuary2006/ukpPr06012005TrafficAndRevenue.htm. Retrieved 21 January 2009. 

^ a b c "Eurotunnel 2007 Traffic and Revenue figures: a remarkable year". Eurotunnel. 15 January 2008. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2008/ukcJanuary2008/ukpPr0801TrafficAndRevenue2007.htm. Retrieved 21 January 2009. 

^ "Eurotunnel gets backing for freight service". AFX (Agence France Presse). 28 October 2004. 

^ Dominic O'Connell (3 September 2006). "Chunnel cash row threatens freight trains". London: The Times. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article626416.ece. Retrieved 3 September 2006. 

^ "Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition". josephcoates.com. http://www.josephcoates.com/pdf_files/268_Megaprojects_and_Risk.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2009. 

^ Flyvbjerg et al. pp. 3234

^ Flyvbjerg, B. Buzelius, N. Rothengatter, W (2003). Megaprojects and Risk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521009464. 

^ "Eurotunnel unveils plans for second link". Birmingham Post. 6 January 2000. 

^ "The CPS: Channel Tunnel". Crown Prosecution Service. http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/section2/chapter_f.html#_Toc44570638. Retrieved 11 March 2008. 

^ Kirkland p. 331

^ Kirkland pp. 255270

^ European Commission pp. 220222

^ European Commission pp. 248252

^ Fayman, Sonia; Metge, Pierre (September 1995). "The regional impact of the Channel Tunnel: Qualitative and quantitative analysis". European Planning Studies 3 (3): 333. 

^ Button, Kenneth (July 1990). "The Channel Tunnel: The Economic Implications for the South East of England". The Geographical Journal 156 (2): 187199. doi:10.2307/635327. 

^ Flyvbjerg et al. p. 6869

^ "Coming soon: the Dome on wheels". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200104020018. Retrieved 28 April 2009. 

^ Harrison, Michael (10 February 2004). "Eurotunnel calls for government support after record 1.3bn loss". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/eurotunnel-calls-for-government-support-after-record-acircpound13bn-loss-569459.html. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 

^ "Eurotunnel has 4bn too much debt". The Telegraph. 12 January 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2917255/Eurotunnel-has-4bn-too-much-debt.html. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 

^ "Debt-laden Channel tunnel rail link is 'nationalised'". The Guardian. 21 February 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2006/feb/21/transportintheuk.politics. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 

^ "Facts and figures Eurotunnel 2000-2004/Forecast 2005: Commentry and a suggestion". Adacte.com. June 2005. http://www.adacte.com/economiepolitique/hollandais17062005.doc. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 

^ Wolmar, Christian (10 December 1994). "Fire raises Channel Tunnel fears". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fire-raises-channel-tunnel-fears-1389084.html. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 

^ "Inquiry into the fire on Heavy Goods Vehicle Shuttle 7539 on 18 November 1996". Channel Tunnel Safety Authority. May 1997. ISBN 0115519319. http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/CTSA_ChanTun1996.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 

^ a b C. J. Kirkland (2002). "The fire in the Channel Tunnel" (PDF). Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 17: 129132. doi:10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00014-7. http://www.ita-aites.org/cms/fileadmin/filemounts/ovion/doc/safety/sydney/OS12.PDF. 

^ "Lorry fire closes Channel Tunnel". BBC News. 21 August 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/5271784.stm. Retrieved 21 August 2006. 

^ Rail Accident Investigation Branch (October 2007) Fire on HGV shuttle in the Channel Tunnel 21 August 2006 . Department for Transport. (Report).

^ Robert Wright (12 September 2008). "Channel tunnel fire causes further cancellations". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ad05c7e6-8062-11dd-99a9-000077b07658.html. Retrieved 21 July 2009. 

^ "Channel Tunnel Fire Evacuation". Sky News. 11 September 2008. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Channel-Tunnel-Closed-Due-To-A-Fire/Article/200809215097705?lpos=UK+News_0&lid=ARTICLE_15097705_Channel+Tunnel+Closed+Due+To+A+Fire. Retrieved 9 March 2009. 

^ "Eurotunnel fully open to traffic". Eurotunnel.com. http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcMediaCentre/ukcNewsReleases/ukcNews2009/ukcFebruary2009/ukpPr0902Eurotunnel-back-to-full-capacity.htm. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 

^ Wolmar, Christian (22 February 1996). "Wrong kind of snow in tunnel...". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/wrong-kind-of-snow-in-tunnel-1320248.html. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 

^ "Delays after Channel Tunnel fault". BBC News. 3 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/6929713.stm. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 

^ a b c "Severe Weather Brings Eurostar To A Halt". Sky News. 19 December 2009. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Eurostar-Says-All-Scheduled-Services-Tomorrow-Have-Been-Cancelled/Article/200912315504284. Retrieved 19 December 2009. 

^ Eurostar blames 'fluffy' snow for weekend chaos The Times 21 December 09

^ Eurostar cancels trains over snow - Press Association (21 December 09)

^ Cole, Rob (18 December 2009). "'Nightmare' Over For Stranded Passengers". Sky News. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Eurostar-Trains-Trapped-In-Channel-Tunnel-As-Snow-And-Ice-Brings-Services-To-A-Halt/Article/20091...
About the Author


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Is there laws to protect under age employees (under 18) from working in extreme heat when a heat advisory (VA)

I told my sons employer today that he would not be in at work due to the extreme heat advisory we are having in Richmond VA currently. He knows my son is overweight and smokes, yet he also knows my son is under the age of 18. What right do I have in say so since I would be held responsible for health costs, if any, should occur with heat related illnesses? What rights does my son have in an "employment at will state-Virginia?" Additional info: My son is a carpenter helper and his current job is tearing out burned debris from a burnt home where there is no power. A generator would have to be run to even run fans. I know my sons boss could be in big trouble for not providing water/containers/ etc. but the guys basically buy their own without saying anything? I need advice. I am tired of this guy thinking he knows it all with my son getting all the static about his not showing up.

There is something very wrong with this picture....

The fact that your son smokes is NOT your employer's problem and neither the fact that he is over-weight. Both of them are personal problems. If the job requires physical activity and he cannot do the job, then, he simply does not belong in the particular job. It will be wise to look elsewhere for employment.

If the employer is not providing adequate facility and/or forcing the employee to work in unsafe conditions, that is one thing, but I think you are bringing in totally different issue into this.

The issue is, is this work place unsafe to any and all workers. If you believe this is the case, you should contact OSHA. The employer will be in BIG trouble if he is found violating this federal regulation.

One other thing... You didn't say how old your son is, but assuming he is close to 18 or at least old enough to accept responsibility in the real world? Then, stop speaking on his behalf and let him handle his own affairs. Or at least coach him so that he can take care of himself. You should not be calling in "sick" for him.

Construction is a hard work. Not everyone is made up for it. I know I can not do it.

Fighting Professionally (Wise Flow Poetry)

HR - A Dynamic Career?

In the old days the HR department was known as Personnel, and people who worked there were responsible for doing the paperwork for hiring and firings and leave and that was about it. Today not only is the role of the HR professional far more demanding than it's ever been before, its also now seen as essential to the success of the business.


Whereas before someone working in an HR position would have been viewed as a function of payroll, nowadays they're often regarded as a partner of senior management in devising growth strategies for the company.


Over the last 20 years the HR function has evolved into a dynamic and popular career choice and the role now encompasses a number of areas.


Today's HR professional will find themselves dealing with a range of issues, like time planning, pension, staff development and training, and occupational health and safety, among others.


The role has changed in response to progressive legislation that governs the relationship between employers and employee, which has grown complex in recent years. Legislation has evolved to reflect the contemporary culture of equity and human rights.


It's an exciting time to be an HR practitioner. The field has widened so much that human resources is now shedding its image of a little grey, back office, job and is now considered one of the hot careers for people entering the job market.


Why the HR role is important

Employees can make or break an organisation. Organisational success therefore depends on finding the best qualified people for a job and then nurturing and retaining their talent and skills and this is where a good HR practitioner can play a vital role. Equally, HR is important in communicating with employees that no longer fit the organisational profile or who no longer have goals that are congruent to that of the organisation.


Human organisation and relationships can be incredibly complex, more so when there is compensation and defined hierarchical structures involved. It needs specific expertise and skills to manage those relationships.


Demanding role


For a career in the field of human resources, you need to possess a range of personal qualities and skills including so-called 'soft skills' like integrity, fair-mindedness, and a persuasive, congenial personality. You should be able to cope with conflicting points of view, function under pressure, and be skilled at communication at all levels.


It needs a good level headed approach and it is important to remember that many of the responsibilities of the job are very confidential.


'Hard skills' are also necessary, which includes things like computer proficiency, strong written and oral communication, math, and principles of business.


Human resources managers are there to assist companies to utilise effectively the best of their employees' skills, to provide the appropriate training opportunities to enhance those skills, and to look for ways to boost the employees' satisfaction with their jobs and working conditions.


A good HR manager therefore should be able to bring a range of skills and experiences to the table that can be used to support the organisational team in achieving the appropriate goals. Any organisation can benefit from the focus that an HR professional brings to the company, but this relationship can be especially beneficial to large companies where employees and employers do not have many opportunities to meet with each other.


Whatever the size of the company, the choice of sectors and roles for an HR graduate is diverse.


Massive range of career choices


There is a substantial range of levels of human resource management positions with differing levels of responsibility. Because qualifications in this field can be employed in virtually every industry, the choices of where and how to work are enormous.


HR graduates can choose from a range of jobs that include roles such as personnel administrators, human resource managers and consultants, industrial relations officers, personnel managers, union representatives, management trainees and recruitment specialists.


Recent graduates will probably start off their careers by working in a some sort of a general capacity which will see them do a little bit of everything rather than focus in one area. Some people like working like this and will stay an HR generalist all of their working lives, especially if they prefer to work in a small company.


Others will find their interests drawn into one specific area and may choose to specialise in this area, for example as a compensation and benefits manager, an employee relations officer, a recruitment and procurement manager, or someone who spends time in helping others learn new skills and develop their own career.


Headquarters of companies with hundreds, if not thousands, of staff members are more likely to offer this level of specialisation in HR roles.


The future of HR


Although the HR profession is constantly evolving and adapting to the changing needs of the working environment, experts have identified several critical roles for the HR manager in the future.


The Financial Officer


A numbers based role, where the HR practitioner applies metrics to support the decision-making process in companies. How much do certain employees contribute to the bottom line? How much value does specific training add to the business? Which functions or programmes do not add value and should be eliminated?


The Internal Consultant


This role supports specific managers throughout the organisation by empowering them to recruit, interview, hire and retain the talent that they need. It also includes counselling line managers on key legal and ethical matters such as disability and age discrimination laws.


The Talent Manager


A role that is responsible for finding, developing and keeping the best talent and skills needed within the organization. The HR professional will manage learning and skills development as well as succession planning.


The Procurement Manager


A role that decides what jobs can be better handled by outsourcing. This professional monitors quality and costs, stays on top of trends in this business, and maintains a close working relationship with outsourcing firms and vendors.


The Self-service Leader


This person works with internal and external information technology specialists to establish and run web-based portals for various automated functions, such as benefits and pension administration, that support employees.


What is notable in the description of these roles is that the profession of HR has definitely moved away from a paper-shuffling, desk bound position towards a essential, strategic, forward thinking role. HR is attracting talented graduates and continues to evolve to best match a changing business environment.

About the Author


Gillian is a regular contributor of career advice and
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news for leading UK Job Board http://www.careersandjobsuk.com
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Authors@Google: Vince Cable

Orange County Lawyers, the Best Legal Allies

Orange County is a place located in Southern California, United States. In a recent census, its population has reached almost 3 Million. This makes it the second most populated county in the whole state of California, and the fifth in the United States.

The county has become famous for its many tourist attractions. To name a few – Disneyland, Knott’s Berry Farm and sandy beaches for swimming and surfing and other outdoor recreations.

This part of Southern California is often portrayed by media as an affluent and politically powerful region. Orange County is at the center of Southern California’s Tech Coast with Irvine being the home to a number of corporations, particularly the technology sector. It is also considered as the primary business hub in the state.

Along with the many attractions as well as vast businesses operations, legal profession in this part of California has marked its place. Big and well-known law firms, including the small ones, have established legal practice in the region covering variety of practice areas.

From the list of potential legal areas includes dealing with:

• corporate matters in tune with the business demand on the area




• employment matters covering labor standards and labor relations




• torts litigations, covering accidents and other personal injury causing scenarios




• Social Security guidance and representations




• civil litigations




• many other potential areas of law relevant to the needs of the region

The legal professionals of the Orange County, the so-called “legal ally,” have vast exposure and knowledge of their areas of expertise. In fact, they become an authority in their line of endeavor.

Various Orange County lawyers have handled high-profile cases. They also handled celebrated cases and the so-called landmark cases of judicial importance that enriches legal precedents. Along with their adept exposure of variety of cases with relevant issues, they have represented well-known celebrities and personalities in all of their legal efforts.

Also in exchange for the privilege of becoming a member of the bar, and concomitantly, to practice law, they represent the general mass including the indigent ones, which sometimes come in pro bono, in all of their legal travails.

The Orange County legal allies provide a variety of legal services in just about any of their clients needs. They offer transactional legal services based on the needs of the clients, full-service to contentious cases and legal consultations.

Orange County lawyers have served a diverged base of business and individual clients including real estate developers, manufacturers, technology, financial and banking institutions. They have developed a culture of excellence in their legal practice and still waging expansive areas of practice to cater various legal needs of potential clients.

Many Orange County lawyers have high degree of professionalism in dealing with their clients. They uphold the honor and dignity of the legal profession in the highest standards of ethical integrity. They become the good example of the best legal advocates.

Apart from their devotion to the legal profession, numerous law advocates in Orange County have received recognition from various awarding bodies, for their professional knowledge and contributions in the legal field.

Orange county lawyers are indeed, the best legal allies that the State of California or even the whole United States ever has.

Our Orange County lawyers have been very committed in providing dependable legal services to our clients. To know more about our law firm and the types of cases that we handle, log on to our website and contact our friendly legal staff.

About the Author

Before becoming an online writer, Claysphere worked as a legal researcher, data analyst, and lyricist in a local band in his hometown. He has a degree in law, and worked for several law offices as a paralegal, office staff and as a researcher. He has continued to write topics relating to his learning in law.

Process Server in Orange County CA We Serve Them

employment law question? UK only.?

I have been employed as a Bank Nurse in a private nursing home. I have worked for them for over 2 years now and have never been given a contract to sign.

Technically, an employer is supposed to issue you with a contract within 8 weeks of you starting. However not having done this wouldn't really be classed as "breaking the law" - it's one of those things that lots of employers do forget, and clearly you've never chased them up about it.

Normally, if you haven't signed a contract, then this isn't actually a problem - because you've been turning up for work and they've been paying you, a contract of sorts has been established and you have exactly the same rights as any worker who has signed a contract. They certainly can't just dismiss you with no notice or no reason.

However, in your case, my understanding is that the term "bank nurse" means someone who is employed to cover shifts on an irregular basis, e.g. if other staff are on holiday or sick. Thus you are not actually *guaranteed* a set number of hours per week. In order for you to be guaranteed these hours, your title would be "part-time nurse" or something, not "bank nurse". Therefore I wonder if there would actually be any protection under employment law for you.

Your first step should simply be to talk to your manager about your concerns. Clearly I don't know what your relationship is like, but most employers value staff who have been there longer as they obviously have more knowledge about the place, and therefore would prefer to accommodate you over new staff that are being hired.

A word of advice though - all too often, judging from what I've read in this forum, people create problems for themselves by going into a meeting already on the defensive, trying to quote employment law to their employers and telling them that they're in the wrong. DO NOT approach it like this. Simply outline your concerns about losing your hours, state that you'd very much like to retain your hours, and let them take things from there.

Employment Law by Tamara Lewis (8th edition)

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Employment Discrimination in San Francisco, California

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Do I Need An Attorney To Fight A Traffic Ticket?

Like clockwork I'm asked at least once a week whether I would suggest a potential client retain my services to fight a traffic violation in court. Like everything else in life, there are no cut and dry answers to this question. However, there are some general rules of thumb as to when it's in your interest to have a criminal defense lawyer or DUI lawyer by your side in court and when it might not be the wisest financial choice.

1.) If charged with a criminal traffic offense such as Operating a Motor Vehicle While Intoxicated, Driving While Suspended, Reckless Driving, etc., it is almost always in one's interest to have a criminal attorney by your side.   Any traffic offense that can land you in jail and/or with a suspended license is one that should be handled by a criminal attorney. Depending upon the jurisdiction, too many good people make the critical mistake of thinking that a court appearance is not a big deal if it is heard in traffic court. After all, "I'm not a criminal" such people say to themselves, why do I need to retain a criminal defense lawyer? Whether one likes it or not, drunk driving, driving while suspended , reckless driving etc. are considered criminal offenses in nearly all American courtrooms.

Unfortunately, one always has to keep in mind that a traffic law prosecutor often gets promoted on the severity of the criminal sentence imposed and NOT in looking out for one accused of a driving offenses best interests. As a result, it is often imperative that one accused of such a criminal offense in traffic court not leave potential criminal penalty and/or license suspension in the hands of one assigned to prosecute you for a criminal offense.  By sending a message to a prosecutor that you will not be taken advantage of, it is often only the services of a criminal attorney that can eliminate the prospect of jail and/or probation with costly impediments to your liberty and livelihood.

By finding ways to reduce criminal charges that may otherwise prevent license suspensions with costly increases in high risk insurance rates or by impressing upon a prosecutor that it will require more effort than a prosecution is worth not to resolve the case in a prompt and fair manner, an effective criminal attorney is often well worth the financial investment.  Depending upon the state, it is always advisable to consult with a criminal lawyer for free as to the criminal offense charged in traffic court and a winning strategy to employ within the particular courtroom one finds themselves in.

2.) One does not need to employ a criminal defense lawyer or DUI attorney if charged with a traffic "infraction" that may not result in possible jail time or possible driver's license suspension.  In most American courtrooms a traffic infraction is a traffic violation that is punishable by monetary fine and/or adverse points to your driving record.

Unless  circumstances exist where too many traffic infractions accumulated may result in a license suspension by your state's department of motor vehicles, it is usually a wiser financial move to save whatever monies would be payable to a criminal attorney and use it to pay for any potential traffic fine for the violation. Yes, a defense attorney may be willing to fight an infraction for you in court at trial. However, in good conscience there are many criminal attorneys such as myself who take the position that such actions usually do more to benefit the financial interests of the trial attorney as opposed to the client paying them.

"But the police officer was wrong to ticket me, do I not have the right to go to trial?" Yes, you have the right to trial. However, unlike a criminal case standard whereby a prosecutor must find a criminal defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain a criminal conviction, a traffic infraction is far different. To sustain a conviction for a traffic infraction, a prosecutor need only prove evidence of a driving offense by a "preponderance of the evidence," or in plain English, "more likely than not."

In the real world "in my opinion" too many judges are constrained in siding for those challenging traffic infractions, for to side with one challenging a ticket is to rebuke a police officer who will undoubtedly come before that same judge on a regular basis. Are there courageous and principled jurists in infraction trials, undoubtedly yes. However, weighed against the significant financial resources one must pay a criminal attorney or DUI lawyer to fight such an infraction and the steep odds against the average person's word against a police officer's, one may find it far less costly to pay the ticket at an early stage in the proceedings without being victimized further at a later date.  

Alternatively, if one's driving record is good, it is always wise to inquire whether  the local prosecutor and/or court has a traffic deferral program, safe driver program or some other program with a name touting the virtues of safe driving.  Often for less than the price of paying a ticket, one with a good driving record can have their case dismissed upon payment of fine and no further traffic violation within a prescribed period of time.

About the Author

For a Top Indiana Criminal Defense Lawyer serving Indiana. Stark Law Offices, 201 N. Illinois, Indianapolis, IN (317) 273-8888, 450 E. 96th St., Ste. 500 Indianapolis, IN (317) 818-6035, 450 E. 96th St., Ste. 500 Indianapolis, IN 46240 (317) 818-6035 Indiana traffic tickets.

Blood In The Water: Law 101 with Manfred Von Karma

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Minimum Wages On The Rise In California

Attention California Employers: On January 1, 2008, the Minimum Wage rises to $8 per hour from $7.50. So, you will need to make appropriate adjustments to your payroll systems. Further, many employers also are raising their employee's wages that are above the minimum wage in order to retain them.


Other big changes effecting California Employers in 2008 are:


New I-9 Forms, employment verification forms will be required effective December 26, 2007, for all new hires. Expect an increase in work place raids. So, do preventative audits now, and make contingency plans for what to do if you are raided.


Expect a tidal wave of class action wage and hour lawsuits for unpaid overtime, missed meal and rest periods, and working off the clock. The California State Supreme Court ruled this year that the remedy for a missed meal or break period is considered to be a "wage" and not a "penalty".


Therefore, the statute of limitations is now 4 years and not 1 year, creating a huge incentive for class action lawsuits. Accordingly, do a preventative audit now to determine whether you have misclassified any exempt employees or independent contractors. Be sure that employees are taking their 30 minute unpaid meal periods and there 10 minute paid rest breaks and, most importantly, that they are documented.


Expect a flood of Sexual Harassment Lawsuits. Therefore, it is imperative that all employers who have 50 or more employees provide their supervisors with a minimum of 2 hours of sexual harassment prevention training to be in compliance with the law. Further, employers must have written Sexual Harassment Policies. It is not enough just to have them; you must implement them and effectively communicate them to your supervisors and employees.


In addition there are a number of minor changes that are more of a paperwork nuisance for small businesses, such as, AB 650, which requires all employers to notify workers about eligibility requirements to receive the Earned Income Tax Credit, a federal program to aid low-income workers. The notices must go out at the same time or within a week of the IRS W-2 form or 1099 form used for independent contractors.


AB 338, which extends the eligibility time for temporary disability payments.


AB392, which requires employers with at least 25 employees to give workers as many as 10 unpaid days off when a spouse is on leave from military deployment.

AB 869, which requires state labor code enforcers to cross-check with payroll records to make sure all employers are providing workers compensation insurance.


2008 is sure to be a busy year on the employment front for California employers. In order to comply with the ever changing requirements of California law, and to stay out of court, you need to consult with competent employment law counsel.

About the Author

For information and a free evaluation of your case, contact us at:
Law Office of Eli M. Kantor 9595 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 405 Beverly Hills, CA 90212 (310) 274-8216
Or visit our websites at:
http://www.sexualharassmentprevention.net
http://www.beverlyhillsimmigrationlaw.com

Liberal Fascism (part three B)

2 TV debates might be the key to victory
A total of 14 candidates—from seasoned political veterans to first-timers—are on the ballot as voters begin selecting their choice to fill the vacancy in Hawaii's 1st Congressional District.
Legal Questions : What Is an Employment Background Check?

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Protect Your Lien Rights With NTO Florida

Homeowners keep on contracting for repairs or improvements to their homes and properties. Larger and more complex contracts or undertakings may involve several subcontractors and suppliers brought in by the general contractor. A problem occurs when the homeowner pays the prime contractor for all or some of the work, but the prime contractor fails to pay the laborers, subcontractors and material suppliers, who were hired to do portions of the job. The only recourse left for them is to file a Mechanics Lien on that home or property.

A lien is a statutory mechanism that allows the unpaid lienor to have the property foreclosed and sold, if necessary, in order to receive payment. Florida Mechanics Lien allows the foreclosing lienor to recover attorneys’ fees and costs as well as the entire value of the lien.  Each supplier, subcontractor, or laborer who is not directly contracting with the homeowner is required by statute to give the homeowner a notice that they have worked on the property. This document is called a Notice to Owner (NTO) and must be delivered within 45 days following the first delivery of materials or first work performed on a property by that supplier or subcontractor. Failure to provide an NTO within the specified time period results in absolute loss of any right to later claim a lien against the property.

A professional Florida NTO Service plays a key role in protecting the lien rights by providing:

• Online NTO form through which they gather relevant user information, research the public records to ensure the information is accurate, print and mail the NTOs to the intended recipients, thus saving all concerned from any kind of processing hassles.
• Quick as well as accurate service that secures individual right to claim a lien, and his receivables.
• NTO deliveries via certified mail, in accordance with Florida Construction Lien Law
• Flexible Delivery option to meet the deadline of 45 days
• Straight-forward and affordable service

NTOs allow owners to police their general contractor and ensure that at every step of the construction project, contractors, laborers, materials suppliers, subcontractors and professionals such as architects, interior designers, engineers or land surveyors, all have been paid.

So, employ a trustworthy NTO service to protect your lien rights and make sure that you are paid for your hard work!

About the Author

Adam Salhanick is the founder of Ez NTO and is an expert in Florida's NTO and Construction Lien laws.

Abortion survivor's funeral

employment law problems wrongful termination?

In 1997 May 1st at the old McNicols Arena in Denver Colorado the parking manager called me into his office and said that the city event managers said I had to have my pay rate reduced from $625 to $525 per hour running the pass gate Mr Jason Burns is the culperate in this part of the case I found out later that this reduction of pay from the city event mannegers was a total lie the sub contracting company known as Central Parking System was illgally reducing my pay constantly and this individual parking mannager was harrassing me on the job it got so bad that I was terminated from this company on April 12 2004 They terminated me because I would not accept a reduction of pay. Mr Jason Burns stole $100.00 of my take home check this incident went on from May 1997 to December 1997 I had a hard time finding a apartment to live in he was just harassing me right and left because of jealousy over the work situation in which I was favored by the Bronco administration.

you waited too long

Plaintiff''s Attorney Speaks Out on Employment Law - mgrabell@employeerelationssolutions.com

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Employment Notice period Help - UK please?

Hi there,

It is a myth that notice period is based on your pay period in the UK.

Section 86 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 sets out minimum notice periods that need to be given. They are:

- Employee to employer - "not less than one week" if the employee has been employed for one or more months; and
- Employer to employee - not less than one week per year of service up to a maximum of 12 weeks.

Normally you need to check your employment contract to see whether the contract requires you to give more than the statutory minimum. But because your employment contract is silent, all that is required is that you give the statutory minimum notice to your employer.

So the answer is - give at least one week's notice in writing. BUT that does not stop you from giving more than one week's notice, if you want to. You just have to keep it reasonable, i.e. don't make it too long a period either. If you have given a month's notice, I would see that as completely reasonable, and your employer would not be permitted to cut it short unless you agree (or it pays you in lieu of notice, or it has reason to dismiss you).

Incidentally your employer is wrong for not putting a notice period into your employment contract. Section 1 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 sets out all the things that a written employment contract must contain - one of which is the notice period that both parties need to give/receive.

British Nazi Party

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Transport Union calls for labour law review
PETALING JAYA: The Transport Workers Union of Peninsular Malaysia (TWU) has urged Human Resources Minister Datuk Dr S.Subramaniam to withdraw or postpone the proposed amendments to three labour laws.

HIPPA/Employment law violation. Where do I report it to?

My coworker was recently let go from the medical group she worked for. Her supervisor had on numerous occasions looked into her medical records to see if she had infact gone to the doctor and looked at what she was seen for( we work for a large medical group she also doctors at). The supervisor got a 3 day with out pay slap on the wrist. I am wondering who she can report this to outside the company. I feel this medical info was used against her and got her fired. How would she get someone to investigate this?

If SHE, not you, wants to contact an attorney she can. A true violation could net her ALOT of money, and would more than likely be settled out of court since the supervisor already got hit for it.

The Law Offices of Harry Waddell - Medical Malpractice

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School district residents air concerns about Win-Win
Growth and development were the main topics for last week's "Community Conversation" at Hilliard Bradley High School, but district residents seemed to be equally as interested in the Win-Win agreement.
Ohio State Medical Association Story on Health System Reform by NBC 4 in Columbus

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Csaba Laszlo launches legal fight against Hearts after axing
FORMER Hearts manager Csaba Laszlo has started legal proceedings against the Edinburgh club as he seeks compensation for what he claims was unfair dismissal in January.
Compromise Agreements

Is it better to attend Keiser University or Everest University for the Bachelors of Paralegal Studies?

I'm looking at both of their program sheets and EU seems better to me these are the courses they are offering:
Elder Law, Employment Law, Law & Medicine, International Law, Administrative Law, Advanced Tort Law, Criminal Justice Ethics & Liability,Alternative Dispute Resolution, and Contemporary Issues & Law.
KU offers:
Business Organizations, Income Tax Law, Legal Interviewing & Investigation, Alternative Dispute Resolution, and
Constitutional Law.
Keiser is accredited by SACS and Everest is accredited by ACICS. Neither is approved by the ABA, which should I choose? Thanks.

Look through the job ads for paralegals in your region. See if employers in your region want ABA approved schools. If so, then only go to an ABA approved school. If not, then you have more flexibility.

Also check the websites for law firms in your region. See if they list their paralegals. If so, then click on them and see where they went to school. See if you notice any trends re: names of schools and/or ABA approval.

In some regions of the US, legal employers strongly prefer, or will only hire from ABA approved schools. But in other regions, a non-approved school can be okay.

Make sure that any school you consider for a bachelors degree is regionally accredited. This is important, as some employers won't hire you if the school isn't regionally accredited. I'm also a bit wary of for-profit schools. Some employers won't hire from for-profit schools. Just be aware of that.

Mandatory Employment Arbitration: Keeping It Fair, Keeping It Lawful

Sheriff's captain involved in off-duty boat crash terminated from employment
LAKE COUNTY – A veteran member of the Lake County Sheriff's Office who became the focus of controversy following an off-duty fatal boat crash in 2006 has been terminated from his job.
Employee Rights Attorney Introduction

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Are there any attorneys out there who are involved in employment law that will answer a question I have?

Listen, I worked at a resort in Montana for 5 months where I had been given outstanding performance evaluations, fufilled my contract, never been suspended, and had managers giving potentiall employers good references on my behalf. Lets make it clear that I was never terminated okay? I had been written up twice and was never given any indication that I am not ellgible for rehire until over a year later today. If I would have known that human resources would have given me a bad reference I would not have put this company down on my application for I am sure it has cost me many job opportunities. Exactly what types of information are Montana employers allowed to give out on their employees?

You need to list this employer on your application/resume in case the prospective employer does a background check. If you leave the employer off and it comes up on the background check, even if you have already been hired, you may be terminated for lying on your application/resume. Honesty is the best policy.

In today's society normally smart employers would only provide the following information with respect to a reference; the dates of employment, position, ending salary. Most prospective employers will try and ask what the rehire status is hoping the previous employer will divulge the information. Normally, previous employers only make record of the rehire status for internal purposes. Such may be in the instance of your employer, if it is a chain of resorts they would want to keep this information on file to make sure another resort within the chain did not hire you.

Unfortunately, the only way you can prove that you have not obtained many prospective positions due to your past employer disclosing negative references is if you ask the prospective employer straight out if you were not hired due to your former employer's reference or have someone call who is believable enough to be performing a reference check on you for a job and see for yourself what information is being given to prospective employers.

If proven, which is difficult as I have mentioned above, then you can file a cliam against your former employer for preventing you from willfully gaining other employment with the Department of Labor.

Best wishes.

Law Videos - Employment Law - Chapter 18

Pennsylvania - law of disclosure (criminal Record)?

My husband got caught for Retail theft in 1998 and 1999 (he was 18 and 19) It has been almost ten years is he required by law to disclose that information on employment applications? Both charges were misdemeanors. I am just wondering because he was turned down for a job today even though these acts were committed 10 years ago.

He probably should disclose this information, because a background check will most likely find this information, and the best thing he can do is be honest. However, most background check agencies only search for crimes (misdemeanors and felonies) for the past 7 years. If this is the case then those misdemeanors cannot be a determining factor for hire. Also, some companies do search the past 10 years. So just to be safe, I would recommend him disclosing the information, just to be on the safe and honest side, although it probably will not be used against him. Good luck!

Public Employment Service Office - PESO

Law degree from a 4th tier US law school - can I use it in a European job market?

I am a getting a law degree from a lowest (lower than 4th tier) small regional law school in US (ABA approved). I don't want to live in US forever and want to settle in Europe. Is there any chance I could use my 4th tier american JD to find any employment in Europe? Does it have any value there? Could I work in United Nations maybe? Unfortunately, my grades are not stellar (top 50%), but I speak multiple languages.

A JD from a TTTT law school with a low GPA is not going to help you find employment in Europe. As you probably already know, you will not be qualified for admission to practice law in any European country with a U.S. JD. To the extent there are positions in the UN that require a JD with your credentials you are going to be put at the bottom of the list of candidates if you are even put on the list at all, which makes the prospects of being hired by an employer like the UN based on your JD very low. The only way your JD might help in this situation is if you can get hired in the United States as a lawyer and build up some strong work experience on your resume relevant to whatever job for which the UN is seeking JD degree holders.

The European Private International Law of Obligations

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Why are Indian Casino allowed to operate in California, but do not follow state employment laws?

They must follow federal laws which are more lenient. Working conditions and overtime hours are the most obvious differences which affect California workers' health and compensation.

In reality its the same reason, since an Indian reservation is consider its own Entity in a sense, not bound by the laws of ca, they can have a Casino without ca permission as well as not bound by state labor laws

Labor And Employment Law Attorney Walnut Creek, California CA Lawyer Nancy Balles

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Travel Q&A

Does anyone know the website for the hemet dale shopping precinct contained by california?
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its more like a ritzy giant school contained by oakland. and i needed to also know all the glorious schools within the east side of oakland? and one more is it a actual bad neighborhood? - here are adjectives the high school in the oakland location http://www.greatschools.net/schools.page... here is the info on oakl and...

Does anyone know the website that allows one to judgment the interiors of hotels etc?
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Does anyone know the where on earth the billboard of the fully developed expo is located at surrounded by the Los Angeles freeways?
What freeway:____________________________ The exact exit:____________________________ If you saw a street billboard: The steet it's on:___________________________ or The cross streets nearest to the billboard:_________________________ - I think it be the 605 as you go northbound, to hand the Whittier exit.

Does anyone know the whereabouts of Johnathon, Jordyn, and Uriah Marshall, should be somewhere within Kansas.?
I searched lofty and low and could find nothing. Uriah Marshall is a great moniker. There's a guy by that name from Arizona who plays football. at hand not in kansas anymore toto

Does anyone know the WUSN ( us99.5 Chicago) codes for Friday, December 14, 2007?
taylor swift(thur) type tie string for friday(copy and paste) wnnicereejavmargeoadaseleadv or art-wyn dean-ice nascar-ree champ-jav country-mar extra-geo first-ada vill-sel sleuth-lea hot jobs-adv

Does Anyone Know The Zip Code To Whitecone, Arizona!?
According to a web turn upside down, the zip code for Indian Wells, AZ pulls up, 86031. I hope that help!! usps.com doesn't show anything. www.zipcodes.com www.usps.com find a zip by city or use Hauacha City 85616 http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/zcl_1_results. 86031. There might not be e-mail service directly to White Cone. You...

Does anyone know this city surrounded by California?
The city is Lagunitas, CA!! I have not met one party in my life span who knows this place. The population is huge though. Answer please!! - Yes, I know Lagunitas. I've be there a few times. That said... it's just about huge. The town's like a mile huge, and last I...

Does anyone know this song from fremont street Vegas?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_pPMeQ24... the first song of the video - This is the FSE site http://www.vegasexperience.com/ The FSE office # 1-702-678-5600

Does anyone know thomas edwards surrounded by honolulu?
have booked detached house with him , and am awaiting email reply to confirmation - should i book elsewhere? - Tried the Better Business Bureau or Chamber of Commerce? Complaints regularly enter public record. no , i don't I know a Tom Edwards...not sure if this is the same fellow. He's a polite golfer. If...

Does anyone know up to how weighty Coronado Beach (san diego, ca) is?
I'm going there today, and I give attention to I have it confused next to another beach her surrounded by SD...Are there generally a lot of folks there? Is it big? - If you be going to the beach where on earth Hotel Del Coronado is then it is really not that crowded...

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hey people i am trying to plan a trip to vegas contained by august? are there any GOOD websites that enjoy tickets for cheap.. i have tried cheaptickets.com and a few others but i am looking for tickets that are CHEAP close to under $150!! HELP PLEASE - vegas.com Try Expedia.com and Travelocity.com and...

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He lived in Hudson Falls for a long time. His mothers identify is Sandra. Last heard living contained by Virginia. I am an old friend who owes him money. He is within the United States Army National Guard. - To locate someone who is still on active duty within the Army, submit a written request to: Commander...

Does anyone know what a bedroom contained by the alamo looked approaching?
Adobe? The Alamo was a mission. It didn't own bedrooms. There was a defence force there, though. I don't believe the Mission San Antonio de Valero itself had bedrooms, except for the long occupying force area. The Alamo building itself be a chapel and had some alcoves and store rooms where on...

Does anyone know what a Boston Steamer is?
Stamed clams! hope it's zilch like a Cleveland steamer! Regrettably, it is indeed similar to a Cleavland teamer. It involves a feces fetish where you defecate on your partner's facade and then squat down and rock...smearing it everywhere Probably for cooking shellfish.

Does Anyone know what airport is closest to Miami Beach?
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Does anyone know what ancestors are call from different states?
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Does Anyone Know What Bands are rumored To be at Rockfest 2008 contained by Kansas City??
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Does anyone know what brand of bed they enjoy at the Disney's Grand Californian Hotel?
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the immigration center's address is 877 Stewart Avenue, Suite 17, Garden City, NY 11530 i'm taking the F train to 179th Street, then i whip the N22A bus (Long Island route)... i was nearby just once a long time ago,...

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Yes, 1202 W. Division Arlington, TX Have you considered googling it or merely looking it up on Yahoo? Just enter the name, town and state and it will bring up the address, phone # and probably a small map. Address: 1202 East Division Street Arlington, Texas 76011-7340 Phone: 817.275.9613

Does anyone know what candelight inn's address is within arlington, tx?
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Celebrities travel adjectives the time, but the biggest ones go by private plane, repeatedly their own, or by charter, and often out of one of the other airports. That said, one time, only in one trip to the feeble international terminal,...

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2008 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New... Next year: Feb. 7,2008 is Chinese New Year day. Parade is held 2 weeks afterwards on a Saturday and Chinese Chamber of Commerce is contained by charge of all events. Last year: 2007: New Years date be 2/18 and parade 3/3. http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/eve... ...

More Travel questions please visit : TravelFreeFAQ.com

About the Author

TravelFreeFAQ.com

Personal Injury Attorney, Personal Injury Lawyer in San Diego CA 92101

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LLM or Clerkship?

I just graduated law school two weeks ago and I was admitted into a Litigation LLM program at a very high ranked law school and I was offered a clerkship position with a Superior Court judge. I want to practice employment litigation. I can't do both. Which one should I choose?

Clerkship

Government Programs To Help San Antonio Businesses And Job Seekers

The City of San Antonio recently opened a new community development office that is designed to aid local businesses in taking advantage of all of the economic opportunities available throughout the region.

Workforce Solutions Alamo, which is part of the Department of Defense's Base Realignment and Closure program (BRAC), is part of an effort designed to revitalize Fort Sam Houston and East San Antonio, will help local residents learn about job opportunities at the Army post; the military is now consolidating and relocating its medical training mission to Fort Sam Houston, thereby providing residents with a plethora of job opportunities. The BRAC program is expected to generate more than $3 billion dollars in the San Antonio economy.

In addition to providing jobs for residents of San Antonio, the BRAC program may also benefit local companies. In particular, the program will teach business owners about ways in which they can work with the Department of Defense.

The Positive Economic Impact

The economic impact on San Antonio is expected to be significant with the introduction of this new program. As a result, the Fort Sam Houston Community Development center will begin to bring general awareness of the program so that BRAC can ultimately provide new jobs and encourage business investment opportunities.

The BRAC program may help buoy along the San Antonio office space market, as an increase in jobs and business will mean an increase in demand for San Antonio office space.

Although the San Antonio office space market fared better than other metropolitan markets across the US, it nevertheless has experienced quite a hit over the last two years. Many industry experts are therefore banking on the success of the BRAC program to provide the San Antonio office space market with the jump start it needs.

The Boost in the San Antonio Economy

Once the BRAC construction is complete, the San Antonio economy is expected to improve by more than 150,000 qualified workers. The San Antonio economy should see a boost of nearly $15 billion.

The mission of Workforce Solutions Alamo is to "build a premier workforce in America by providing employers and residents with the opportunities, resources and services to develop and gain a competitive edge in the global economy."

The Workforce Solutions Alamo Board "serves as the governing board for the regional workforce system, a network of service providers and contractors that brings people and jobs together." The program represents 12 counties in the Alamo region.

Some of the services provided by Workforce Solutions Alamo include:

•          Recruiting, interviewing, and referring qualified job candidates

•          Evaluate the trends in the current labor market, including average salary, projected industry growth, employment turnover rates, and other pertinent data

•          Provide information on both labor and employment law

•          Assist in providing information and access to different tax incentive programs

•          Helping to coordinate training programs for incumbent workers

•          Provide referrals for training programs and education opportunities

•          Assist with individualized and hands-on training

•          Provide information regarding relevant Texas employer training programs, including the Self-Sufficiency Fund and Skills Development Fund

•          Help to place employees from companies that are closing, downsizing, or restructuring their workforce

Workforce Solutions Alamo is designed to bring together qualified workers with businesses. This program also helps businesses find ways to save money, to improve productivity and to find a competitive edge. Ultimately, it is the success of businesses through Workforce Solutions Alamo that will help propel the San Antonio office space market and the San Antonio economy in general.

About the Author

If you are in the market for commercial space, stay abreast of the current market with VIP Realty's informative analysis, which encompasses San Antonio office space and Houston office space.

How Does A DWI Conviction Impact Employment?

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employment references in Illinois?

Does anyone know what a prespective employer can ask a previous employer about a person by law, and if the prespective employer has to disclose who said something negative about you that costs you the new job?

NOW for a correct answer.

a prospective employer can ask anything they wish of a former employer. There is no law in any state or federal statutes which limits the scope of questions allowed to be asked.

As for the previous employer, they can answer any way they feel like it. Again, nothing in law limits their response.

However, information that is actionable would fall under HIPPA and Protected Status regulations.

Again, however, if you are asking can a former employer answer that "I didn't think she was a very good employee. She was often late and left early and didn't do her job well..." then yes, that is allowed.

Petitioning for Executive Clemency

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Unlike most Chinese immigrants of his time, Gin Lin found respect and a mountain of gold

The last thing Chinese were generally despised, discriminated against and performing dangerous, backbreaking work for 60 to 75 cents a day in the American West, Gin Lin stood out in the crowd. He not only gained the respect of the business and civic leaders of southern Oregon but also became wealthy beyond most men's wildest dreams.

Fast clipper ships carried the news of the 1848 gold strike at Sutter's Mill across the Pacific. Peasants toiling in China's rice paddies heard that gold had been discovered in California almost as soon as factory workers in Boston and New York did. Soon the Chinese were calling America's West Coast Gum Shan, or the "Mountain of Gold." By February 1849, the first of the Far Eastern gold-seekers had landed in San Francisco. Hordes would follow

Like thousands of his countrymen, Gin Lin fled crushing poverty, war, overcrowding, disease and civil unrest in his homeland to seek his fortune in the gold fields of America.

Living conditions in mid- 19th-century China were almost unbearable, particularly in Kwangtung (Canton) province. For thousands of years the fertile delta of the Pearl River in southeast China had been the country's rice basket, but farms that once flourished had been subdivided and parceled out to generations of descendants, leaving plots too small to support a family. Squalor and filth along the teeming waterfronts caused typhoid, malaria, cholera and plague to run rampant. Social unrest and civil war added to the misery The Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1851 to 1864, claimed more than 20 million lives.

Young men who could only hope to make 10 cents a day in China, if they could find employment, jumped at the chance to earn 60 to 75 cents a day as miners or railroad workers in the New World. Not even the dangers of a Pacific voyage or the uncertainties of living in a foreign land could deter them.

Unlike most European emigrants, who came to America seeking freedom and hoping to build a new life, the Chinese came as temporary residents intent upon improving their economic plight and returning to China. Known as sojourners, they were strangers in a strange land. About half the men were married, but very few brought their wives. They sent much of their earnings home. Only 5 percent of the Chinese who came to America in the mid-1800s were women, most of those having been orphaned or sold by their families.

Ill-clad and unprepared for cold weather, some of the early sojourners froze to death. Their standard wardrobe consisted of loose-fitting light-blue denim pants, blue tuniclike shirts, white stockings, skull caps and cloth shoes with paper soles. Many wore the large conical straw, or "coolie," hats that provided some protection from sun and rain as well as storage space. Later arrivals added coats and boots to their attire. The queue, or long pigtail, which hung down the middle of the back from an otherwise shaven head, was not a fashion statement but considered a necessity. Manchu dictators forbid returning workers to re-enter China without them.

The main staple of the Oriental diet was rice supplemented by a few fresh vegetables and dried fruit when available. Because they boiled their water to make tea, the Chinese often avoided the diseases that swept through the mining camps.

The clannish ways and strange customs of the sojourners caused the white population to mistrust and resent them. One Chinese practice the whites found especially disgusting was that of exhuming their dead so the bones could be transported back to China. Father Francis Xavier Blanchet, an early resident of the gold-rush town of Jacksonville, Ore., wrote: "Whenever a child of the deceased leaves for China to visit or on business, they dig up the body, scrape the bones, and carefully transplant them in China so that their souls will go to Paradise."

Violence was commonplace in the mining camps, and the sojourners were often blamed for anything that went wrong. Since nonwhites were not allowed to testify against whites until 1862, and often did not get fair treatment in the courts even after that time, Chinese were frequently beaten, robbed and even killed with impunity. In some mining camps, shootings were almost a nightly occurrence.

Following the gold rush north, the first Chinese began trickling into southern Oregon shortly after the 1852 strikes were made on Jackson Creek, where the rowdy town of Jacksonville mushroomed almost overnight. More strikes quickly followed in the Siskiyou Mountains, as well as along the Applegate and Rogue rivers and their tributaries. By 1870 there were between 2,500 and 4,000 Chinese miners in southern Oregon.

The sojourners were welcomed to Jackson County with a $2-per-month head tax in 1857, and it was doubled in 1858. In addition, the state adopted a law in 1862 that directed every Negro, Chinaman, Kanaka (Hawaiian), and Mulatto" living in Oregon to pay an annual $5 poll tax. As if that were not enough, any Chinese engaged in any kind of trading was charged a $50-per-month fee. An article that appeared in the September 1, 1866, issue of The Oregon Sentinel, Jacksonville's Republican newspaper, expressed the resentment and open hostility directed toward the Chinese: We hope that during the present legislative session, the very important question of taxing the Chinese miners will not be overlooked.... It seems an unwise policy to allow a race of brutish heathens who have nothing in common with us, to exhaust our mineral lands without paying a heavy tax for their occupation. These people bring nothing with them to our shores, they add nothing to the permanent wealth of this country and so strong is their attachment to their own country, they will not let their filthy carcasses lie in our soil. Could this people be taxed as to exclude them entirely, it would be a blessing."

Those whites who put aside their prejudices long enough to get to know the Chinese found them, on the whole, to be peaceable, respectful, friendly dependable, generous and very hard-working. Celebration of the Chinese New Year was always observed with fireworks and candy that the sojourners happily shared with their non-Oriental neighbors. Although the mining camps and "shanty towns" in Oregon were filthy, Chinese miners practiced better personal hygiene than most of their white counterparts, taking daily baths with soap and warm water and changing their clothes before dinner.

Some may have drifted in from California on their own, but most sojourners arrived in Oregon under contract to a Chinese boss who farmed them out to work for white mine owners. The mine owner paid the boss in a lump sum and he, in turn, deducted any amount the worker still owed on his transportation across the ocean. All purchases of food and supplies were also made through the Chinese boss.

Gin Lin was such a boss. His arrival in southern Oregon went unnoticed and unrecorded, but it was soon apparent that he was different from most of his countrymen. Elmira McKee Thurman, an earlyday Oregon resident, remembered him as dark, heavy-set and rather youthful looking. Instead of the usual queue, he sported a full head of bushy hair.

Oregon did not allow Chinese to stake mining claims or own mining property yet by 1864 Gin Lin managed to buy mining property from John Wilson near the settlement of Buncom at the confluence of Sterling Creek and the Little Applegate River for $900.

White men were frequently eager to sell what they considered "played out" mines to Chinese. "The white man's philosophy was to get as much gold as he could and then move on," says Marjorie Edens of the Southern Oregon Historical Society. The industrious Chinese seemed happy to take over "played out" mines, and when they moved on to richer diggings, the claims they left behind were truly worthless.

Soon many of the laborers Gin had formerly contracted out to other mine owners were working for him on the Little Applegate River. He treated his men with honesty and fairness, even helping some of them purchase their own claims. He made sure the claims were legally recorded by Jacksonville attorney Charles Wesley Kahler and that the proper taxes were paid.

Gin's crew worked hard for him. Rich veins of gold were uncovered at his mining operation, and the Gin Lin Mining Company began to play an important role in southern Oregon's economy.

Gin continued to work his Little Applegate mine through the 1870s until the deposits waned. In 1881, he purchased more claims in the Palmer Creek and Flumet Flat area farther up the Applegate River.

As Gin Lin's wealth grew, so did his status among Jacksonville's citizenry. The sight of him driving a handsome buggy pulled by a high-stepping horse around town became a familiar one. He became friends with several of the area's most prominent business leaders, including pioneer photographer Peter Britt, who took several photographs of him; banker C.C. Beekman; attorney Wes Kahler; and cabinetmaker David Linn.

David Linn's son, Fletcher, described the Chinese miner in his book Memories: "Gin Lin was a large, robust character, not at all like the 'Coolie' or laboring Chinese who constituted the laboring force in his operations; and on one of his visits to 'China Town,' he came across the street to meet father, and introduced himself as 'Gin Lin alle same Dave Linn's cousin,' and he and father became quite good friends."

Gold deposits found along the Applegate River and its tributaries were soon depleted; new mining methods had to be developed to excavate the yellow metal buried in ancient streambeds along the hillsides. Hydraulic mining was the answer, and Gin Lin was the innovator of this type of mining in southern Oregon. He had the equipment he needed hauled in by pack train from Crescent City Calif, and set his Chinese crew to digging water ditches.

Hydraulic mining used pressurized water to loosen the packed gravel of the slopes. The success of hydraulic mining depended upon a reliable source of water. In order to divert water from the larger streams to the mining operations, the Chinese used picks and mattocks to dig hundreds of miles of ditches through the dense brush and rocky slopes of the upper Applegate Valley Many of these ditches can still be seen.

Water from the ditch flowed into a large wooden structure called a"headbox" From the headbox it was diverted into a penstock made of riveted steel pipes that lined a trench leading downslope. The abrupt drop in elevation increased the water pressure. The penstock pipe delivered the water to a large nozzle the miners called a "giant." Water blasted from it into the exposed hillsides. Loosened material was washed through a series of sluice boxes, or wooden troughs, which separated the gold-bearing silt from the gravel. Worthless gravel and cobbles were cast aside into tailing piles.

Fletcher Linn told about visiting Gin Lin's hydraulic mining operation: "When I was home from college for a brief visit on Christmas in 1887, father suggested that I join him on a Sunday trip to visit Gin, as he had often asked father to do. We hitched a horse to the light buggy, and started very early as the mine was ten or twelve miles from Jacksonville, over the hills into the Applegate Valley When we arrived, the operation was closed down for a 'clean-up'; so we missed seeing the operation, but 'Gin' surely entertained us in showing us some of the results of his week or ten days run. I had seen several other hydraulic operations, but never one to equal this one of 'Gins.' The work done, and earth removed by those huge Hydraulic Giants, was really amazing. The 'clean up' was the largest of its kind that I ever saw; and the Chinese workers were carrying out the gold in small buckets full, under the protection of a couple of armed guards pacing the upper ledge or rim of the mine. All 'Gin' would say as he glanced at the buckets and then to father, was 'Putty good, Cousin, Putty good.' We had a fine visit with 'Gin' and a mighty interesting day"

As a result of his mining activities in the Applegate Valley Gin Lin deposited between $1 million and $2 million worth of gold dust and nuggets in the Beekman Bank in Jacksonville. He became a familiar face in town.

Gin Lin went to great lengths to keep good relations with the white people of the community even employing several white men in his mines. He was known to shut down operations periodically through the summer months so farmers could use the water from his ditches to irrigate. It is also said that when an Indian burial was exposed, he ordered that the area be left undisturbed.

It is known that Gin Lin had at least four different wives while in southern Oregon. He made several return trips to China, each time bringing back a delicately featured, almond-eyed beauty dressed in fine silks and brocades and younger than her predecessor. He would then simply sell his former spouse to one of his men. Gin Wye, born in Jacksonville, was the son of Gin Lin's youngest and last wife, Gen Shen.

When the gold grew scarce in southern Oregon as in other parts of the West, most of the Chinese went to work on the railroads. They provided the railroad bosses with a reliable yet inexpensive source of labor.

Of the several thousand sojourners residing in southern Oregon during the height of the gold-mining era, only a handful remained by the turn of the century The 1900 census counted a mere 43 Chinese residents in Jackson County

No one is exactly certain of Gin Lin's fate, but he disappeared from southern Oregon in the late 1800s. He may have left because of racism or simply because he had made enough money and wanted to return to his homeland, or, as Marjorie Edens says, "all of the above." One story says that he sold his Oregon holdings, withdrew his money from the Jacksonville bank (hiding it on his person) and sailed in 1894 for China, where he was robbed and fatally beaten as he stepped off the ship onto the wharf at Canton. Another version of the story says he lived in China three years with his wife and son before his death in 1897.

Although Gin Lin's fate may never be known, his legend lives on in southern Oregon. Today the U.S. Forest Service maintains the Gin Lin Trail above the Applegate River where visitors can take a self-guided tour of Gin Lin's Palmer Creek operation. Part of his story is etched on the moss-covered tailing piles, the overgrown water ditches and the hydraulic cuts in the "mountain of gold" that made him rich.

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Архитектура, дизайн интерьера и ремонт квартир.

UO Today #412 Lawrence Joseph

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illegal immigration, employment contracts, and non compete clause?

last year as a senior executive in a company, i discovered they were in violation of state labor laws and federal employment laws, hiring illegal immigrants and providing undocumented workers with false documents so they could work under various names (avoiding over time). i moved to stop the practice and was told it was the "only way" for the company to do business at the time. i resigned my position rather than jeopardize myself. my question is, because they were in violation of laws, is my employment contract's non-compete still in effect?

In UK law a party cannot seek to rely on a contract if they have acted illegally, a company has many duites towards its employees which form an unwritten part of any employment contract and therefore you are likely to find that their actions will allow you to take the contract as rescinded/non-enforceable. Although this question is quite technical so you need proper legal advice.....I would guess that in any legal action regarding your employment contract, if you could prove the allegations above, then the law/judge will look more favourably on you.

Is A Non Compete Agreement Valid If It Was Signed After Employment Began

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Can an employer legally withhold money from your paycheck, if s/he thinks you owe the company?

(Maryland laws only)

He can not legally unilaterally deduct cost he thinks he owes you from your paycheck. That being said, it may cost you more to fight it than it is worth. If he does deduct, ask an attorney for a free consultation regarding the matter.

Perhaps you could go to small claims court.

A real fun thing to do would go to the local press. they are always looking for the "little guy being exploited by the mean business dude" story. If that kind of pub would not reflect poorly on you, it might make him look like a real jerk.

What ever you decide to do, sleep on it. Never react when you are angry or emotional, you do things you later regret.

Good luck.

What would you like to see on an employment law blog?

I've started a UK employment law blog. There are lots of people on here interested in their rights at work, and I know a fair bit about it. Have a look and tell me what you think, but what I'd really like people to do is suggest what subjects I should tackle.

Thanks, Ive bookmarked it and will return. Any stuff on managing the Capability process with a poor performing worker? want to give them the best possible chance of success.......just a thought

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Could someone please explain adverse possession?

We have a neighbor that has been parking on our parking spot for about 10 years. She claims it is "common area" and that she has every right to park there. After looking at our property survey and the Cook County (Illinois) assesment website I found out she was wrong and IS parking on our property.

My sister in law school just told me that basically if you own land but don't do anything with it and then someone comes along and lives/builds/etc. on it for a prolonged time (say, 20 years or something, depending on the state) but you never come take action against them or what they are doing then effectively they become the new owners of the land. Legally.

Caffarelli & Siegel - Chicago Employment Attorneys

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Attorney FAQ

Can a power of attorney sign their name on checks or do they sign that persons name on that persons checks?
Make sure Bank has a copy of the POA, prior to writing checks. - sign their own names - Sign your own name, and most places you would put under it POA Jane Doe. Call the bank.

Can a state appointed Attorney represent his clients fairly if.?
Someone has a case against the state and can not afford an Attorney and then is appointed a state paid attorney. the first 3 answers here are B.S. no a court appointed lawyer will not represent you at his best unless in some isolated cases as the calif, lawyer.

Can an attorney partner with anyone who is NOT an attorney?
My father is looking to partner with a woman. She is an attorney and he is not. He would be setting up the business / investing and she would be the main attorney for the company. They would both be equal partners and have people working under her..

Can anyone recommend a good dui attorney for a resonable fee for 1st time offender in bay area, california?
looking for a good dui attorney in Bay Area, California..alameda county for a resonable flat rate fee between 1-3000k for 1st time offender. I would do a search on Targetlaw. Since its a first offense you should be able to.

Can employers legally verify a doctor's excuse?
Wouldn't that be violating hipaa laws? Yes, they can verify. - nope not at all i am an attorney and can tell u first hand its ok - no. i am an attorney and they can't - Yes they can! All they have to do is call the doctor and ask about.

Can I act as my own attorney in my daughter's guardianship case?
MY PARENTS WERE GRANTED GUARDIANSHIP OF MY DAUGHTER BACK IN 2000. MY 14 YR OLD DAUGHTER HAS BEEN LIVING WITH ME FOR THE PAST YEAR. I CANNOT AFFORD AN ATTORNEY. WHAT CAN I DO MYSELF TO REVERSE THIS GUARDIANSHIP? CAN MY PARENTS SIMPLY SIGN SOMETHING RELIEVING THEM.

Can I ask the court to lift a restraining order they put on my fiance?
6 months after an arguement between my daughter, myself and my boyfriend. The prosecuting attorney sent us a court date . The state decided to press charges on him. He has not been home nor talked to me since the morning he went to.

Can I be power of attorney if I am sole beneficiary in the will?
My father has been very ill, I am an only child and he wants me to be his power of attorney if things get worse for him. I understand his wishes but he has told me that I am the sole benificary in his will..

Can I call the attorney for followup?
I need your advice. I sent a demand letter to my attorney last week. I have not heard from him. He has until this Friday to respond back. Should I call him to see if he got the letter and if they going to reply back by Friday? Or shall I wait.

Can I file court papers and represent my self without my attorney?
Sure. Are you going to small claims, or is it a criminal matter? I wouldn't risk a jail sentence. - yes, but it would be stupid - You can, but if you have to ask that question then I'd suggest hiring an attorney - Yes, but.

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Honor the check and if you have PROOF then take him to small claims court to recover. You can also notify the Bar Association of your claim for substandard representation. But the key element is PROOF. And the burden.

Can I sue my ex-wife for her attorney fees that i paid and mental stress damages amongst other things she did?
I left my wife after 10 years of being cheated on and lied to and mentally abused, I got completely raped in court. She got a bogus restraining order and I lost contact with my kids for 5.

Can Ruth be heard ululating in courtrooms when cases don't go her way?
Or does she just rant at the judge and go 'pffft' when rulings go against her in her role as a criminal defense attorney N/K/A divorce attorney N/K/A handler of big media cases? I'm sure this style really helps to further discourse and discussion, just as.

Can someone please help me?
When my EX beat me up in another state( years ago), and I took him to court, I was given a court appointed attorney. There was a restraining order, but it for some reason, was no longer valid after a while. I am now living in FL, he's from another state, and they said.

Can someone remain silent even after an attorney becomes present?
Let us say that a suspect is being questioned by the police and they use their 'right to remain silent' and ask for an attorney to be present. Once an attorney becomes present, are they forced to now speak with the police (since they have an attorney) or can.

Can the president be held accountable, or are they above a law? re. 4rth Circuit?
The President ordered a man held,detained and no access to outside anything indefinitely. I don't wanna be held in custody of the military without access to an attorney. Do you? No one should be above the law. Mr. Lopez would tell us different. He.

Can you call the police and file a report about your attorney's malpractice?
I want to know if you can call the police and report about your attorney doing malpractice on your case such as refusing to turn your money in client's trust fund after dateline of your demand and so much things, but that's the most important thing.

Does a legal advisor working for a company have to be an attorney or lawyer?
'Advise' is the defining word. A person who is not a certified attorney can assist in preparing legal documents for someone else, but they cannot tell a person or a company how to proceed with a legal course of action. Only a person.

does a power of attoney end with the death of the person. can a person date power for say death plus 2 weeks?
Power of attorney (PoA) can only grant authority to act in the place of the person executing (signing) the PoA. The person to whom the PoA is given, is standing in the place of the.

does anyone know about copyright or patent laws?
I'm trying to create and sell a printed item and am wondering what I can do to keep others from stealing my idea and/or coming up with another version of their own to sell If I were you I would consult a copyright attorney. Although by law, any original work you.

Does anyone know if a attorney from the State of WV can practice law after being convicted of 2nd degree?
I have a very good friend of mine who is a attorney in the State of WV. He has been convicted of 2nd degree manslaugter charges from a unfortunate incident while driving. My question is, can he still practice.

does anyone know of a web site where you can chat with a lawyer and get free legal advice?
i need one on civil, i just wanted to get a little info before i went out and hired an attorney. thanks!! Most lawyers will give you a 30 minute free advice to see if you have a case. Om.

Does anyone know of an attorney in Monroe MI that handles child support/parenting time issues?
I am in desperate need of an attorney who can help with child support and parenting time issues in Monroe MI. Possibly one willing to be Pro Bono or possibly kind hearted to help protect my daughters and their rights. Legal Services have only.

Does passing the in-car driving test when you are drunk provide any legal protection if you are later caught?
None whatsoever. - NO. But you better consult an attorney. - no, it is strictly agianst the law to drive while under the influence of alcohol. if you were drunk while taking the test you were also breaking the.

Can You Refer Me to a Los Angeles PL Legal Mal Attorney for a Default Prove Up ASAP?
I am a Pro Per PL on a Legal Malpractice. I need to prepare the Default Prove-Up ASAP. The default has already been entered against the attorney/defendant. I need a referral to a competenent and compassionate attorney who can assist me.

Child support Jacksonville Florida. Who do I contact to have 1 of my children age 20 removed. HELP!!?
its automatic deducted from paycheck weekly. You have to petition the court that entered the order to terminate it. Call an attorney. - I am assuming your original court order told when the child support should end. If it's still going.

Child support question?
How does one go about getting a child support order modified? Assuming one has since had another baby with new wife are these grounds for modifications? Does one need to go to the court, hire an attorney? Lets say one lives in a different state than custodial parent? Can one do it through the mail? Thanks!.

Corporate Lawyers! Information?
How much do they make? How long do they work? how hard is it to find a job? Is it at all fun? Thanks for the answers! It's a really tough job and pretty boring from my point of view. However, they can easily make over $500,000+/yr. My corporate attorney friends work about 11-12 hours 5.

Court tomorrow!?
If I go in and ask for an attorney, do I have to answer any questions? Or is that only when I am with my attorney? And If I don't what do you say if they asking you questions lol? It really depends upon the nature of the case. If this is a criminal case, and you.

Dissolving POA and employment contract with attorney in AZ. how would I go about doing this?
My father is in his 70s and has been using the same attorney for his disability and workers comp for the past 20 years. An employment contract was signed granting the lawyer Power of Attorney for my father. I am just curious if.

Do I Have A Case Or Not?
Ok, I wanted to ask this before I go and bother an attorney with this. Let me know if you think I have a case or not. From 1998-2001 I worked for a company that was just starting out here in Central Iowa. Everything was great at first, then towards the last.

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Jacksonville Injury Trial Lawyers Johnston & Hammond

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Risky mortgage moves can have long-term effects

Walking away from a mortgage may seem like the only option for significantly distressed homeowners. But those considering this option should be prepared for the long-term effects it can have on their credit score and finances.

The current housing crisis has left many lenders unmotivated to collect remaining debt after a borrower leaves their property. In addition to walk aways, those who pursue short sales may also be able to leave their property without hearing again from a debt collector.

But this is hardly a safe bet - and could become significantly less common after banks eliminate excess distressed properties. A recent article by the Baltimore Sun referred to laws in some states that allow lenders to pursue borrowers for any shortfall they incur after reselling the property. For example, if an individual walks away from a house with a $350,000 debt and the bank is able to sell it for $250,000, said lender may be able to pursue the $100,000 difference.

Maryland debt collectors may seek this balance for up to three years after the distressed homeowner leaves his or her property. They may be pursued for 12 years in certain circumstances, according to the report. Chapter 7 bankruptcy may be the only alternative for some borrowers weighed down by debt.

All of these actions will have negative effects on a credit report. Late payments on mortgage loans will remain on their report for seven years, as will a foreclosure or short sale. Bankruptcies remain longer, up to 10 years, according to FICO spokesman Craig Watts.
"And what's on your credit report can affect your employment," the report said. "Many employers, for example, review applicants' credit reports before hiring."

Maryland is among the 16 states whose lawmakers have considered banning credit-based hiring practices. Critics of these practices have said that using someone's financial history as reflection of their responsibility as an individual can unfairly trap some job seekers in a cycle of unemployment and debt defaults. Stuart Pratt, president and CEO of the Consumer Data Industry Association, recently wrote a column for the Sun defending such practices. He said that viewing one's credit report can help businesses protect against risk, particularly at companies with fewer than 100 employees.

"Employers should have information available to them that protects their businesses from catastrophic losses and also ensures that their workers can stay employed," he said.

Therefore, those seeking new employment or mortgage loans may benefit from a credit monitoring service which will give them a thorough understanding of their credit standing.

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I am the SEO Specialist at www.creditscore.com We are authorized to provide consumers with access to their credit report at the three national credit bureaus: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. We are continually seeking to push the envelope to provide consumers with innovative tools that give consumers every possible advantage to successfully navigate through the confusing credit industry.

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Novartis Verdict Opens Door for More Gender Bias Lawsuits
In a case experts say will open the door for more gender bias lawsuits, pharmaceutical giant Novartis was ordered on Wednesday to pay $250 million in punitive damages to current and former U.S. female employees who accused the company of discriminating against them. Earlier this week, Novartis - which for the past 11 years has won a spot on Working Mother's best companies list - was ordered to ...
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History of Education, Teacher Training, Teaching, Teachers

A Concise History of Education of Teachers, of Teacher Training and Teaching

Western history of teacher training, education history, teaching theories, education of teachers, modern history od education, began in early 18th century Germany: teaching seminaries educating teachers were the first formal teacher training in Western history of education and teaching.

(History of education had 2nd century-BC Greek Spartan free public education, Athenian Academy until age 18 and higher Academy and Lyceum; Roman private formal schooling in tiers; China’s 1st century-BC administrator examinations; 1st century Jewish informal Cul’ Tura general education; Islam’s 9th century universities [madrasahs]; 16th century Aztec mandatory teen education; 18th century Russian nation-wide education, Poland’s Education Ministry, Chez ‘teacher of nations’ Comenius’s ‘Didactica Magna’ on universal education [compulsory, certified teachers, tests]; leading later Western history of education –17th century Scotland’s free education, 18th’s Norway’s mandatory literacy and  New Zealand’s standard education, 21st’s Europe’s Bologna process equalising educational qualifications.)

Teacher education and training, first teacher training college in French  history of education and history of teaching, Jean Babtiste de la Salle’s 18th century Brothers of the Christian schools, had non-clerical male teachers teaching poor and middle class children. Based on Greek philosophers’ philosophy of education and teaching, re-introduced by Islam, spirituality was not its only reason, basis of education. Teacher education and training had been clerical –this was Western history of education’s first secular teacher training college.

This philosophy of education changed educational history’s attitude to education. It reformed education, educational theory, learning, enabled further education reforms and educational theories of teaching in history of education. With education reforms in education history, educational theory of teacher education required of teachers an understanding of the human mind and the theory of education, knowledge of sciences and arts, principles and educational methods of teaching. This need in educational history for a teaching method, method of education, necessitated theories of education -in Western history of education educational theories on teacher education interested educators.

These educational philosophies and theories of education on teacher education became the norm in Western history of education, teacher training establishments first Normal Schools in the history of education and training of teachers.

Teacher education progressed educational history: in history of education and history of teaching the system of education required and enabled knowledge, in-service experience, certification for teachers, continuing professional development for teachers in teaching. This non-uniform system of teacher education and training enabled teachers, while teaching, at teacher seminars to refresh and increase their knowledge of theory of education and method of teaching -exchanging ideas among teachers.

Napoleon, in history of education and teacher training,  uniformed professional teaching. Adopting Germany’s teacher seminars, in French history of education and in Western history of education and training of teachers, established the first uniform teacher education system.

Neither the USA’s educational history nor British history of education did in educational philosophies, systems of education, include formal teacher education and training, although Elizabeth-I had introduced teachers’ moral teaching fitness certification in teacher education .

In England's history of education and teaching, in early 19th century Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell founded the Lancastarian teaching method of teacher training: in a monitorial system of teacher education and training senior students (‘monitors’) receiving teaching from tutors were teaching junior students, acting as teachers.

In Scotland's history of education and teaching, 17th century free education compulsory in late 19th, Germany's teacher education and training influenced David Stowe’s founding the Glasgow Normal Seminary for teachers.

Progress in teaching and teacher training began with Horace Mann’s Massachusetts Normal Schools in the USA’s educational history, and in Britain’s history of education by the churches’ and voluntary organisations’ teacher training colleges and teaching the colonials.

In philosophies of education arguments followed on teacher education in educational history: should persons of lower English social class attend teacher training colleges and give teaching to children of higher social class!? Might teachers’ teaching not influence young French minds with liberal ideas?!

(Japan’s educational philosophy [perhaps influencing the USA's educational philosophy, history of education and teaching] emphasised patriotic teacher education and teaching.)

In Europe's history of teacher education and training, Rosencrantz's 19th century 'Philosophy of Education' emphasised 'philosophical and psychological data'; this, resembling Islam's university faculties, developed into separate teaching disciplines.

In Sweden’s history of education and teaching, Pestalozzi furthered the progress of systems of education, advocating formal teacher training colleges.

(Pestalozzi, except theologically, was self-educated, did not leave a written account of teaching and of teacher training colleges; his place in the history of education and teaching is deducible in outline from his various writings, loving sincere deeds, the example he set.)

Germany’s Froebel, and Alexander Bain’s 'Education as a Science', favoured education of teachers through teacher training colleges; teacher education adopted what philosophies of education in Western educational history and teaching had lacked -Herbart's pedagogical emphasis in teaching on five formal steps: preparation, presentation, comparison, generalisation, application.

Germany’s teacher education and training became the basis of developments in the history of education and teacher training; Derwent Coleridge and James Kay Shuttleworth in Britain, Mann in the USA broadly agreed: teacher education and training should emphasise techniques of teaching -"not only the subjects of instructions, but also the method of teaching".

Jules Ferry laws’ compulsory education established teacher education and training in late 19th century French history of education: teacher education and training, by law, should be through formal teacher training colleges.

English speaking countries' history of education and teaching, formal teacher education and training, began with the University of Edinburgh’s creating a chair in education, with St. Andrews; in the USA’s history of education, e.g., Henry Bernard, Nicholas Murray Butler, followed.

In Western history of education, England’s progress involved pedagogy and Herbart Sepencer’s teaching techniques in teacher education and training, the USA’s e.g., Francis W. Parker’s, studying Germany's pedagogical teacher education developments.

In the USA's history of education and teaching the Darwinian hypothesis (as before later scientific evaluation) influenced John Dewey at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools; taking into account from other disciplines what were considered relevant in teaching to child development, Brown University founded an education department.

(The La Salle College in Philadelphia, had been teaching education.)

New York’s Teachers College, founded 1888, was incorporated into the Columbia University, 1893, establishing its teacher training college, announcing: "The purpose of the Teacher Training College is to afford opportunity, both theoretical and practical, for the training of teachers, of both sexes, for kindergartens and elementary schools and secondary schools, of principals, supervisors, and superintendents of schools, and of specialists in various branches of school work, involving normal schools and colleges" -it became the basis, in Western history of education and teaching, of teacher education and training and Teacher Colleges.

(The USA’s educational history experts’ versions vary on it history of education.) 

In most of British Commonwealth’s history of education and system of teacher training, entry into teacher training came to require senior secondary education at High School level or British Grammar School education with national Matriculation or Ordinary and Advanced General Certificate of Education (GCE) examinations –or equivalent.

In Europe’s history of education and teacher training, education with similar Gymnasium(/Abitur)  or General Lycè e Diploma, or equivalent education, became professional teacher education and training entry qualification.

(In British history of education, until early 20th century, holders of those qualifications, by selection examination, could become temporary teachers. Oxbridge graduates could register 'master' and be syndicated teachers. Other universities’ graduates, to become teachers, attended teacher training colleges [if Bachelor of Education, second year teacher training of a teacher training college].)

In British Commonwealth’s history of education greater importance was attached to professionalism in teacher education and training: academic qualifications did not suffice for teaching; teacher examinations required specific periods of specifically professional study in teaching. Professional teaching involved two years’ professional study in teaching and additional in-house teacher training before professional teacher status. Professional teachers could, with another educational year at the teacher training college, specialise in a subject, e.g., geography or history (in farming colonies, e.g., Cyprus where Agriculture became a secondary school examination subject,  with one or two more educational years’ through the Teacher Training College’s Rural Agricultural School). Science graduates without professional teaching training and education qualified for permanent teaching after a year’s classroom teaching experience approved by professionally qualified headmasters, as teachers of their subjects. Teachers were expected to attend teachers’ seminars as continuing professional development.

While professional qualifications are regarded for professional reasons equivalent to doctorates in their counterparts and what qualify for teaching, teacher education and training (school age becoming lower and years less, to enable maturer teachers and teaching), for professional teaching knowledge and skills acquired at teacher training colleges, favoured bachelor degrees with teaching content emphasising skills over theory and, e.g., the USA’s academic ‘first professional degree’ –more for research than professional practice.

(British history of education desired teaching with Post-graduate Certificate in Education [PGCE] -for English state school teaching Qualified Teacher Status [QTS] skills test, and [also if Bachelor of Education] successfully completing an induction year [in Scotland two] in school teaching as Newly Qualified Teacher [NQT], with continuing professional development; alternatively a specific teaching degree or on-the-job teacher training. Teachers trained at Teacher Training Colleges in [former] colonies –and similarly trained teachers with GCSE [grade C] or equivalent in English and Mathematics [for primary school teaching, also Physics] enjoy Qualified Teacher Status.)

(Canada’s provinces or schools certify teachers; Australia requires none for federally funded private schools; France’s is college/bachelor and Teacher Institute [master’s -2010].)

{In the USA’s history of education, until 1960s, one year’s teacher training college education was required for teacher certification. In 1984 an alternate teaching route was introduced: bachelor’s with teaching preparation and within a specified number of years completing a teaching or content based master’s. (Some universities award [with summer study] bachelor degrees in two years, some two bachelor degrees simultaneously [e.g., with two arts and two science majors both BA Philosophy and BS ChE Chemical Engineering]; the  doctoral JD is pre-requisite to master’s LL.M which not all tenured professors need posses.) The ‘Master of Professional Studies’ (MPS) First Professional Degree is academic, not professional. Many states require of teachers, for permanent teaching, examinations in pedagogy and a content area or general knowledge accredited by many private associations’ varying standards; in early 21st century Marlboro-Carolina 20% of teachers had no certification.}

In educational history post general education having been academic for career advancement and scholarly activity or research, or professional for actual practice in the filed, the professional qualification is normally the terminating qualification; in professional teaching, advanced professional degrees enabling specialised teaching, e.g., at universities, are not regarded as part of professional teacher education and training for general education teaching; the USA’s main master’s area is for Ed.D or Ph.D. –research.)

In European history of education, teaching related educational leadership gained importance at the end of 20th century. Desiring the benefits of learnable leadership skills and inherent personal leadership qualities, teachers’ educational leadership skills in teaching leadership are remunerated according to national teacher pay scales.

The USA’s educational leadership teachers’ pay is non-uniform; educational leadership skills standards vary. Graduate educational leadership programs are in, e.g., community issues and educational law. Private Teacher Advancement Programmes (TAP) subscribed by some schools encourage teachers in administrative or teaching development: a teacher prepares an individual growth plan (IGP) with an educational goal or teaching activity, or a cluster group of teachers identify a student learning need, becoming ‘mentor’ or ‘master teacher’/‘teacher of teachers’.

As others’, USA’s teacher training colleges’ comparable teaching qualifications enjoy international regard.

In their history of education, having less aspired to ‘practical’ general education as in the USA and 21st century Britain, most British Commonwealth and European teaching institutions almost uniformly value widely academic general education as culture not acquirable in post general education (e.g., an opposition leader to a Prime Minister [both lawyers] “I as a Grammar School boy” [would not take ‘that’ from him who was not]) and Britain’s suggestion to equate practical skills certificates with general academic qualifications was criticised.

(Early 21st century British educational history saw [university or equivalent  mandatory student grants becoming loans, unemployment necessitating longer and more courses, foreigners scoring higher in English] no increase since late 20th in literacy.)

(In the USA’s history of education, with 20% adult functional illiteracy, as the educationists’ concerns grew, the educationalists considered Europe’s baccalaureate system of education; with growing public interest in education, at the end of 20th century a state appointed three generals to improve the standards of teaching and education and at the beginning of 21st century a general was appointed to federally improve teaching and educational standards.)

In educational history interest in the teaching profession has been based on the status of teachers. Regard for teachers in late 20th century was highest in Russia where teachers enjoyed better employment terms than elsewhere.

(In Britain's history of education, 1980s’ miss-projection of numbers of teachers needed necessitated engaging science graduates without teaching qualifications as teachers; but a status was enjoyed by teachers of regard as in Europe, and, about the end of 20th century, knighthood for long serving teachers was suggested –due to controversy over peerages it did not materialise. At the beginning of 21st century reducing undergraduate degrees to two years with vocational content was considered, with master’s for teachers -also non-major professional qualifications being above undergraduate degrees in National Vocational Qualifications; but Teachers’ status was regarded to have been equated for economical reasons to classroom assistants’ socially criticised for taking classes without professional teacher education and training.])

In the USA's history of education, teaching has hailed a form of essentialism in education, with a culture of practicality and model citizenry, emphasising respect for authority (advocated also for 21st century British education); with no general minimum standard in teacher training and education, some states not recognising the teaching qualifications of some others, teachers and teaching appear officially to enjoy no higher regard then Bernard Shaw's remark (about writers) "Those who can, do; those who can not, teach".

(In the USA, e.g., some teachers paid only term time having to seek vacation work, teaching and teachers generally are regarded to have enjoyed less good terms and conditions than elsewhere in proportion to social regard and public resources.)

The growth of interest in culture and education in Western history of teaching has been seen in the European Union, e.g., in Cyprus with the popularisation of education in mid. 20th century -reportedly with highest percentage of university graduates by 21st.

In Western educational reforms spiritual values in education are protected by teaching religious studies in schools in American secularism (protection of religion from political influence) and by the religious affiliations of many universities; in European secularism (protecting against one’s formal dominance of the other), often with a state religion enshrined in the constitution, this is ensured by, e.g., Britain’s Education Acts’ requirement in compulsory education of religious worship by pupils at least once a month and, while British universities are not formally religiously affiliated, the availability of  chapels and chaplains to students at universities.

While preferences in education (e.g., the pedagogy based Steiner-Waldorf education for creating free moral and integrated individuals -its teachers’ and schools’ say on defining the curricula by some disagreed with, or Montessori's pre-school and elementary school child's self directed activities with auto-didactic equipment -regarded by some as risking raising obedient automatons), and  emphasis (be it practical skills or Emerson's ‘thinking man’), have all had praise and criticism in the history of education and teaching and arguments continue on pragmatism and creation -v- evolution, generally Socrates's argument that the rightly trained mind turns toward virtue carries weight in most educational systems. Basically, in every history of education, an important aim of education and the societies' all time expectations have been on the lines of these verses (by the Cypriot teacher, the late Orhan Seyfi Ari):

" 'I was an ape' you say -or amphibian?
And now?! Are you not now.. 'man'!? "

The cultural values balance have been more reflected in the education and training of teachers in Western history of education and teaching and the status of teachers in Europe mostly in Spain, Italy and France where, without much disregard to spiritual values, school teachers’ political and ideological affiliations have been the norm in professional teaching. 

The web site may interest on teacher the late Orhan Seyfi Ari at orhanseyfiari.com

About the Author

The author’s favourite site is the Teacher of Teachers

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Gammick cleared in retaliation lawsuit
A federal judge ruled Monday that Washoe County District Attorney Richard Gammick did not retaliate against or interfere with the school district job of a former sheriff's detective.
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Online Masters Degree Psychology – Choose The Accredited And Recognized School For You

Online Masters Degree Psychology is well respected worldwide. There are category of masters degrees like Masters of Science Degree (M Sc), the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) and Masters of Arts (MA).  Masters of Social Work (MSW),   Masters Degree in Law (LLM), etc, are among other masters degree programs you can do online.

Online degree programs allow you to do undergraduate degree and post graduate degree qualifications without abandoning your work, daily activities and family responsibilities. I urge you research to get the best and top Psychology Masters Degree Online School or institution. You can do psychology masters degree, online masters degree counseling, online masters degree criminal justice, online masters degree technology, online masters degree nursing with accredited online learning schools like Oxford University, University of California, Phoenix University, University of London external program and etc.

You can do online masters degree psychology from the comfort of your home, at work, at your convenient time or even on holiday. You don’t need to go to another city or country to do psychology degree program.  You don’t need to pay transport to campus based college classroom to attend lectures and you don’t send money on feeding in the college campus.

Lots of people are facing legal barrier for using certificate obtained from unaccredited colleges or universities. The qualifications you obtain from the deceit online education providers become worthless because employers of labor may not recognize the credential, and you face legal threat if you use them to secure jobs.

In conclusion, if you want quality education for you, make sure you research to get your online masters degree psychology from a recognized and accredited university or college.

About the Author

To get a recognized and accredited Online Masters Degree Psychology, click here Online Masters Degree Psychology

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Your Guide to Maternity and Paternity Leave

Article from: My Family UK

It is important to know what you are entitled to as a new parent or parent to be, but the rules and regulations can be hard to remember. Here's an introduction to the basics.

Statutory Maternity Leave

To qualify for the legal minimum requirement for maternity leave, you need to be an ‘employee’, as opposed to a worker or self-employed. If you are unsure of your employment status, find out at DirectGov.

How it works

• All employees are entitled to 52 weeks of maternity leave no matter how long they have been working for their employer

• This is divided into Ordinary Maternity Leave (the first 26 weeks) and Additional Maternity Leave (the last 26 weeks)

• During the additional period, you have fewer contractual rights

• You can take maternity leave from up to 11 weeks before the due date of your child

Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP)

Although it is any employee’s legal right to take maternity leave, you only qualify for SMP if you earn an average of more than £90 per week and have been employed by the same employer continuously for at least 26 weeks up to the 15th week before the due date.

How it works

• You need to tell your employer at least 28 days before you want to start claiming SMP

• You are entitled to 90% of your average weekly earnings for the first 6 weeks

• This drops to a flat rate of £117.18 (£123.06 from 5 April 2009) for the following 33 weeks making 39 weeks in total

Contractual Maternity Pay

Some companies offer enhanced maternity leave and maternity pay, but if you don’t return to work after your maternity period is over, you may be required to pay some money back.

Paternity Leave and Paternity Pay

If you are having a child or adopting a child with your partner you will be entitled to two weeks paternity leave provided you have been continuously employed by the same employer for 26 weeks by the 15th week before the baby is due. The entitlement also applies to partners in same-sex relationships.

How it works

• You need to inform your employer in or before the 15th week before the baby is due

• You can take your leave in one week blocks or as two consecutive weeks

• During your leave you are entitled to 90% of your average earnings or the flat rate of £117.18 (£123.06 from 5 April 2009)

Further information

Your entitlement to maternity leave and maternity leave pay varies according to your employment status. Use the Tiger Tool on Direct Gov to get a personalised statement about what you qualify for.

Other benefits

If you don’t qualify for SMP you may qualify for Maternity Allowance (MA) or other benefits. Contact your local JobcentrePlus for details.

Problems with your employer

If your employer refuses to give you leave and pay that you are entitled to, they are breaking the law. Clarify your rights by checking with your trade union official or your local Citizens Advice Bureau.

Further Information

For further information, and for more great ways to have fun with your family, log on to www.myfamilyuk.com. With a huge collection of articles covering everything from child safety to rainy day activities, you'll find all the help, guidance and entertainment you need to be a great parent. Go now!

About the Author

My Family UK is a brand new website that is turning the online focus back onto families. We're dedicated to supporting you and your family live the life you choose to the full, with games, tips, offers and articles on all aspects of parenting. If your family means the world to you, check out www.myfamilyuk.com.

Maternity leave

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Law Legal Job Q&A

15 years aged and inevitability a available job?
okay im 15 and need a job but i dont know where on earth to work or what kind of job is best

16 year antiquated work hour limitations and minimum wage.?
i am 16 years old. at my last available job (i was still only 16) they said that due to state directive (illinois) i couldnt legally work past 11 pm. Now i enjoy a new job and i didnt bring back off work until 12:30 the last couple night. so wat are the hour limitations for me? plus, I am only making $7.25 an hour. and i was told by a couple citizens that minimum wage, even for a minor is $7.50.so wats the real deal?

18, and looking for a livelihood while within college?
Why do you have to give your social when innards out applications? They don't run background checks till hired right? Or at least a adjectives job offer is made? I'm leary on giving out my social to every single post ap, worried about identity theft. What is the grounds for this?

19 year elderly college student looking for work surrounded by ginger county ... Any help/ideas?
I am 19 years old, in college and involve work right now! I have applied at sooo tons places and am afraid my possibilities are exhausted. Does anyone know of anything in orange or red county? If so help me out please. I am a Business/Law major if that help at all.

1st undertaking after getting my dimploma contained by paralegal ?
I'm going to get my paralegal diploma in 2 months and after that what class of job should I apply for ? I live in Toronto . Thanks

2 available job contracts at impossible to tell apart time?
say i live in Germany, I sign a profession contract in the Netherlands where the first company is base - the job is to sell within Germany where i live. Later I sign another contract with a local German company to flog something else (no competition) in Germany as well. For both companies i am home-based so those are relatively independent sales positions with no each day suprevision. I presume it is not legal, but how risky is that game (job contracts are from companies base in different countries so it is unlikely they will find out I guess) ?

2 Job Offers: Real Estate Tax Law or Commercial Litigation?
Hi Yahooligans! I received 2 job offers, both are court assistant/paralegal positions. Both are small boutique law firms and located in equal vicinity. One specializes in actual estate law and minimizing taxes (starting $28,000 and 3 month probationary period) and the second specializes in commercial litigation (starting $35,000 and 6 month probationary period). Which would you choose and why? I'm liking towards the commercial litigation law firm because of the money and I feel commercial litigation is more broad. Thanks for your time and suggestion!

2 profession contracts at matching time?
say i live in Germany, I sign a commission contract in the Netherlands where the first company is base - the job is to sell surrounded by Germany where i live. Later I sign another contract with a local German company to get rid of something else (no competition) in Germany as well. For both companies i am home-based so those are fairly independent sales positions with no day after day suprevision. I presume it is not legal, but how risky is that game (job contracts are from companies base in different countries so it is unlikely they will find out I guess) ?

2 question on labor law?
is there a law contained by florida ststing how often an emplyee must get rewarded i have gone a month to 5 weeks without recieving a paycheck also can anyone explain to me who to contact about the employer installing electrcity with out have a certified electrcian on staff

2 week awareness?
hey, i work in fast food and I want to put contained by my 2 weeks because I just turned 18 and there are better opprutunities that own opened up for me, but there are some guaranteed issues that have been brought up more or less my work ethic and other negative things that a couple of managers own pointed out about me. Well, I am afraid that if I tell my regional arranger that i want to put in my 2 weeks notice, he will fire me right away because of the indubitable issues that are up in the air roughly me, and i dont want that to happen because I will be able to apply for this unusual job June 21. and i want the employer to know I am currently working because i heard thats what they resembling to see.. Im confused what should I do?

2 weeks identify for situation?
i have to put in my 2 weeks spot. i work and burgerking and im 16.what do i say?

20 years experience, excellent work driving text, great credit- unqualified to return with a profession within my paddock. Now what?
I applied for a job over the internet and was told on the phone that I have the job. I quit my job surrounded by Indiana and was told after relocating to California from Indiana that I was elder than they thought and he decided to hire a younger man. There was no witness to this conversation and yes close to a dummy had nothing surrounded by writing. I am not looking to sew anybody just wanted a position. He gave me two leads but no assignment from either. I did find a job for a contract company within my field that does contract work for low pay etc. How do I get hold of a company job instead of temp work? I have have my resume gone over by professionals, they instruct me to hide my age by saying 15+ years experience instead of 22 that I own. I am not over weight and in excellent grassland , I am knowledgeable in my file of work. I am 50 years old and age discrimination have been a big factor.The contract company has treated me ok but would close to to improve my situation. The cost of living here is high. What do I do presently? I work in the oil and gas industry as a pasture operator and have offshore platform and hose down flood experience too.

2nd member of my ask?
After that my boss walks up to me and tells me i can progress but to bring in a doctors note the subsequent day, but not to bother coming in to work. Just come within and bring the note to the plant manager. I did a short time ago that, and my PM told me that i could keep my job, but not on that shift. He asked me for a number i could be reach at so he could call when he figured something out. i give him my number and no one ever called, just about a week later, i recieved my last paycheck contained by the mail. Please help me. I don't enjoy the money for a lawyer, and i have a wife and 3 kids. This have all been remarkably hard for us

3 month make out interval on current contract.?
have found a new work, signed a contract but I have a 3 month notice time of year on my current contract. I only want to do 1 month but my employers are insisting I do 3. What can they do if I read out no but give them 1 months notice contained by writing? Can they sue me for breach of contract. Are they likely to?

3 months ago, I relocated in one and the same company... they still owe me backbone earnings. Thinking of quitting...?
I started working for a major retail company 15 months ago. I relocated to another city 3 months ago and have be working in the same company since. I be supposed to receive a cost of living pay increase. I was told it would solitary take about 2 paychecks for my wages increase to take place. As I am paid hourly, I am supposed to receive a lump sum for the hours that I hold worked since I started at the new location. 4 paychecks later, I am still getting salaried at my old rate, and no back take-home pay. I have been thinking of quitting the company for a few weeks immediately, but I don't want to leave until I receive my back settle up (approx 300 dollars, a LOT for a college student), as it could be several more weeks from now. I have be offered another job that begins now. If I were to quit immediately (stop showing up, out of aggravation), would I still be entitled to my spinal column pay, even though I was told (verbally) that I would gain a pay increase and it would only cart a few paychks to receive it?

4 weeks identify but own 6 weeks worth of holiday?
i handed in my interest at my place of work yesterday and have to give 4 weeks, i want to work my observe but i also have 6 weeks worth of holiday to take, can they spawn me take it as holiday? if ive given 4 weeks and they want me to go more rapidly then do they have to reward me for the rest of the notice and my holiday pay?

90 daytime probation completed on fresh position?
Worked at new job for over 90 days. Quit lacking notice, do I still get time off that was accured at this time?

90 sunshine employment probation?
If an employer keeps me after my 90 day probation term I guess they are satisfied with my work. I hold been working for a company now for 5 months. Is it unlikely that they would preserve me employed with them this long if they didn't like my work?

911 DISPATCHING JOB.
In southern California what do they ask in the interview...? lie detector audition? I just would like a head up! thanks...

A actual provoke!. May someone suggest me a Phd combining decree and business?
I already have a master in International Private Law, but I'd approaching to pursue a PhD in US. Since I'm a lawyer surrounded by a non-common law country I know getting a job as a advocate there would it be difficult.. That's why I'm also interested in studying a Phd surrounded by business but law-related, in order to seize a job in businness corral to pay my tuition and also when coming back to my country be capable of retrieve the degree obtained for my canon career. Thanks I'll really appreciate your help.

A advocate for discreamation at work?
I want to found out what can be done about a situation that I have face

A art surrounded by Criminal Justice is it other guarenteed?
Is a career in criminal sprite always guarenteed as a reliable interesti ng and financially stable?

A assignment for a 14 year outdated?
Okay so im a 14 year old girl who lives in the state of Virginia I be thinking of getting a job Is it legal for a 14 year hoary to work? If so what kinds of places can you work at? i want to work at Hollister but I dont think they'll ever own openings. so please help <3 P.S; I'm really matured and I'm a hard worker

A business of non-skid soles and workers' comp?
I work in a restaurant that has extremely slick floors. Not contained by the kitchen, but between the server station and the dining room. Even the slightest bit of moisture will make the tiled floor grain like a skating rink. I wear shoes with studded rubber soles, but that doesn't stop me from skidding if the floor is even humidity. I've fallen at least four times within the month or so I've worked there, and yesterday I took a pretty bad spill. I finished up with a few knots and bruises. My supervisor told me that if I should develop to fall and get unsuccessfully hurt, comp wouldn't pay for a thing because I don't hold shoes that are approved as non-skid. Can this be so, or is she just telling me that thinking that if I ever do tip out and break something I won't turn it in on comp? Sounds fishy to me. Oh, and by the way, I fell again today, and the basis I don't have such shoes is because I honestly can't afford to go and buy them.

A co worker lashed out at me and have 8 years sinority over me. what should i do?
i work in a law firm in a minute. my previous job, i had an excellent relationship beside my boss and co workers. i came here and myt life is miserable. i hold on to trying to connect with my bosses and co workers and they just dont seem to be to like me. they make you consistency very uncomfortable and intimidated. i ask them to run out to lunch (co workers) and they never want to go out. friday, everyone was tomfoolery around about a shirt my boss got from a client. we wre adjectives laughing. one of my co workers happens to wear shirts similar to the one my boss got. i laugh and said that looks like something you would wear. i think he dresses remarkably nice and the shrit (in my opinion was highly nice) he started screaming, cursing and yelling at me. he was insulted and everyone else said the shirt be ugly. i was trying to marry in with everyone and he ruined it for me by yell and using foul language. i want to leave this place but the souk is bad. ive been posting resumes adjectives over. i always had a honourable relationship w/everyone i worked with. whats their problems? i try my best and no one acknowledge it. i try to fit in and they make it strong for me what are their problems? One other thing about this man, hes be there for 8 years and one of the partners own a problem w/ him because hes always late and asks me to bid and ask where he is. my boss does have an attitude towards me but is this one control over me? ive only been at hand for 4 months but i would like to appear a "better worker" over these people. mayble their resentful? how can I benefit from this until i get another job? i could perfectionism less about these peopel because they guardianship less about me and Im unhappy because i never felt this way within any job. i always own been on good vocabulary w.bosses and co workers and still stay in touch w/them since i am not working at hand. i hate these people and this is not approaching me at all.

A company will not reward me for doing work. Do you have an idea that I enjoy a armour?
Ok here it goes: I did work for a recruitment company on June 10. I be called out of the blue by the recruiter (not saying what company it is), and they needed me to do a job on short notice. She said I would be remunerated $17/hr for 4 hours, which is $68. She told me over the phone that it was an assignment, NOT contracting work. She told me all I have to do was send within my timesheet from doing the work, and have the manager at the store where on earth I did the work at to sign it, and I would get paid. Well I turned it contained by on June 11 by faxing it to her. She responded saying that she would send me the paperwork so I could achieve paid. I was completely confused because I wasn't told of any other paperwork. She sent the paperwork to me through email, and one of them be an independent contracting document. I read it, and completely disagreed with portions of it, such as the non-compete clause.

More Law Legal Job questions please visit : JobQnA.com

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Singapore Employment Pass Visa (EP)

Foreign Entrepreneurs, Professionals, Managing Directors and Shareholders who wish to relocate to Singapore to be actively involved in your company operations, can apply for an Employment Pass (EP)

Foreign individuals who are residing overseas can setup a Singapore private limited company and apply for their employment pass to operate their company operation.

To apply for your Employment Pass, you will need to setup a Singapore Private Limited Company.

To be considered for an Employment Pass, applicants will be assessed based on their salary, qualifications, relevant work experience and nature of job, and other factors. EP applicants must earn a fixed monthly salary of at least $2,500.


There are basically three categories of EP: the P1, P2 and Q Pass. They differ in the amount of salary earned and types of jobs. All EP holders qualify for dependant privileges

Pass Types

P Pass/Q1 Pass

There are three categories of Employment Pass: P1, P2 and Q1 Pass. The P Pass is for foreigners seeking professional, managerial or executive and specialist jobs.
P1 Pass – for applicants earning a fixed monthly salary of more than $7,000.
P2 Pass – for applicants earning a fixed monthly salary of more than $3,500 and up to $7,000 and he/she possesses recognised qualifications.
Q1 Pass – for applicants earning a fixed monthly salary of more than $2,500 and he/she possesses recognised qualifications.

Compensatory factors such as skills and years of experience may be taken into consideration for Q1 applications.
Passes for Family Members


Employment Pass holders can apply for the Dependant's Pass and/or Long-Term Visit Pass for their family members.

Dependant's Pass

Both P and Q1 Pass holders can apply for a http://www.rikvin.com/Singapore-Employment-Pass-Visa-Employment-Entrepass.html for their:
Spouse
Unmarried or legally adopted children under 21 years of age, including newborns


Long-Term Visit Pass

P Pass holders can also apply for a Long-Term Visit Pass for their:
Common law spouse
Unmarried daughters above 21 years of age
Handicapped children
Step-children
Parents/parents-in-law

In summary,

Pass Type Granted to Employment Pass Holders

Dependant's Passes

Long-Term Visit Passes

P

Yes

Yes

Q1

Yes

No

Singapore Dependant's Pass

The Dependants Pass is for spouses or children of current Work pass visa holders in Singapore.

The visa holders must be Employment pass, EntrePass or S Pass holders and currently drawing a minimum fixed monthly salary of S$2,500 and above.

Holders of a Dependants Pass are also permitted to work in Singapore once the potential employer issues a letter of consent. (LOC)

AsiaBiz can assist you in the compilation of all necessary documents and forms for the Dependant's Pass. We will then process your application with the Ministry of Manpower

Singapore Term Social Visit Pass (LTVP)

Employment Pass (P1, P2) holder may apply for the Long Term Visit Pass (LTVP) for:
Common-law spouse;
Unmarried daughters above 21 years of age;
Handicapped children above 21 years of age;
Step children; and
Parents/parents-in-law.

Asiabiz can assist you in the compilation of all necessary documents and forms for the submission of the Long term Social Visit Pass.

About the Author

For more information of Singapore Company Incorporation, please visit www.rikvin.com



For more information on Singapore Accounting and tax services, please visit www.rikvinsingapore.com

Singapore Company Incorporation for Foreigners

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WorkSafeBC (Canada) question?

These are some questions are the Standard Act that I do not understand.
I hope you can help me. It's okay if you don't know the answer to everything.

1. If it's on site training, yes.
2. No, not unless you quit / damage the clothing / take it by yourself.
3. You work 4 hours 10am - 2pm, then 6pm - 10pm for a full 8 hour work. Yes, it's legal.
4. No.
5. None.
6. There are many. Late to work / bad attitude / no work ethic / not following procedures / not performing to job standards
7. No. Working under the table means working illegally with no taxing.
8. Go to workmen's compensation board (often called WCB)

Entry Program, Winnipeg Manitoba

Is it really that hard for law school graduates to find work?

Someone recently told me that if I don't go to a top tier law school, it will be nearly impossible for me to find a good job. I find that hard to believe simply because most law schools boast a 93%+ employment rate for their graduates and there always seems to be a demand for legal-based jobs in America. Can someone please put my nerves to rest and explain to me if this is true and, if so, is law school really worth it?

the issue for many law grads is not finding work it is the pay.
93% placement means NOTHING, what is important is where and with whom the placement is.
school is expensive and the average attorney does not make that much in relation to all the other graduate professions.
this makes paying for school hard to justify for many.

Median salaries of lawyers 9 months after graduation, 2005 Type of work:
All graduates
$60,000
Private practice
$85,000
Business
$60,000
Government
$46,158
Academic/judicial clerk ships
$45,000

In May 2006, the median annual earnings of ALL(experienced and inexperienced) wage-and-salaried lawyers were $102,470. The middle half of the occupation earned between $69,910 and $145,600. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of lawyers in May 2006 were:

Management of companies and enterprises $128,610
Federal Government $119,240
Legal services $108,100
Local government $78,810
State government 75,840

Salaries of experienced attorneys vary widely according to the type, size, and location of their employer. Lawyers who own their own practices usually earn less than those who are partners in law firms. Lawyers starting their own practice may need to work part time in other occupations to supplement their income until their practice is well established.

the prospects for growth in the field is for growth to be a little slower then job growth as a whole and the competition for jobs is expected to be extremely keen.

EDIT:
Shane has given you some excellent examples...............
so think about what you have heard, read and what you really want to get out of school then proceed on.

BEWARE BOGUS, INFLATED LAW SCHOOL SALARY/JOB STATS GIVEN OUT BY LAW SCHOOLS

[mage lang="" source="flickr"]texas employment law pay cut[/mage]

Lower Your Property Tax

Place taxations are one of the largest line item fees incurred by apartment owners. Although, plenty of managers do not charm effectively. Even although proprietors realize that home taxations could be managed and decreased through an appeal, some view taxations as an arbitrary estimate given through the government which can't properly be appealed. It tends to boil down for the old adage, "You can't fight city hall".

Fortunately, the property or home tax elegance process in Texas supplies owners multiple opportunities to lure. Handled either directly through the manager or by a house taxes consultant, this progression would be wise to involve an intense effort to annually elegance and minimize home taxes. Decreasing the largest line item expense has a substantial effect in decreasing the owner's overall operating expenses. When it seriously isn't probable to entirely escape the burden of paying residence taxes, this is conceivable to lower taxes sharply, generally by 25% to 50%.

Why some proprietors don't attractiveness

Some home managers don't elegance mainly because they both don't realize the course of action, or don't recognize that there's a fantastic probability of achieving meaningful reductions in asset taxes. Some proprietors think that considering that the industry significance of their property or home exceeds the assessed valuation, then it is just not feasible to elegance and cut down the real estate asset taxes. Despite the fact that appeals on unequal evaluation are fairly new, there is a clear-cut way to appeal property or home taxes in the administrative hearing degree according to unequal evaluation. Unequal assessment occurs when place is assessed inconsistently with neighboring attributes or similar properties. Also, some owners are reluctant to hire a residence taxes consultant, even although several consultants will work on a contingent fee schedule, in which there is no price tag with the proprietor unless property taxations just for the recent year or so are lowered.

Overview of lure progression

The following are the primary actions inside the annual method for appealing asset taxations:
· Request realize of accessed appeal
· File an elegance
· Prepare for hearing
. Review records
. Review sector valuation appeal
. Review unequal assessment elegance
· Set negotiating perimeters
· Administrative hearings
· Decide regardless of whether binding arbitration or judicial appeals are warranted
· Pay taxations timely

Requesting a realize of assessed worth

House masters have the solution of requesting a recognize of assessed increased value for their place annually. Section 25.19g within the Texas Residence Taxes Code gives you the user the method to request a written recognize in the assessed enjoy on the chief appraiser. Masters benefit from requesting and receiving a written discover of assessed worth for each and every place considering it ensures they have an opportunity to evaluate the assessed valuation. This recognize should be sent on an annual basis. The appraisal area would not need to send a observe of assessed cost if your cost increases by less than $1,000. In spite of this, if an seller was not satisfied with a prior year's appreciate and also the importance remained the same, the appraisal center very likely is not going to send a detect of one's assessed merit for that present yr. In this situation, the owner may forget to protest considering the fact that a recognize of assessed valuation for the home was not received.

How to file and charm

On or before May possibly 31st of every 12 months, the real estate operator needs to file an elegance for every residence. Then again, although a lot proprietors are comfortable with an assessed cherish, in nearly all situations you can find a basis for appealing. Two choices for appealing incorporate:

1. unequal appraisal, and
2. market increased value dependant on information the assessment district delivers on the seller ahead of the hearing.

You can charm by completing the protest form made available through the assessment center and indicating both excessive appeal (markets cost) and unequal appraisal as the basis for attractiveness. Additionally, the real estate proprietor can simply send a detect that identifies the home, and indicates dissatisfaction with some determination from the assessment office. The discover doesn't need to be on an official form, while the comptroller does supply a form just for the convenience of property or home proprietors. (You are able to access the protest form at www.cutmytaxes.com .
)

Residence Expenses 201 - useful important info

Residence Expenses 201 is the industry jargon for a asset owner's preference to request help and advice the assessment centre will use on the listening to, and to receive a copy 14 days prior to the listening to. The name Residence Expenses 201 is derived in the payment applied to enact the law. The details for Dwelling Payment 201 are located in sections 41.461 and 41.67d associated with the Texas Place Taxes Code. When filing a protest, the property operator should certainly additionally request in writing that the evaluation center produce a copy of any related information the appraisal center plans to introduce for the listening to. The assessment district will usually require the property or home manager to come to your assessment center office to pick up the specifics and charge a nominal fee, normally $0.10 per page. Whereas the amount for Home Payment 201 requests are quite low (generally $0.50 to $2.00 per property or home for residential and commercial) the important information is invaluable in preparing for this hearing. In addition, filing a Household Charge 201 request is vital considering the fact that it limits the answers the assessment center can present for the listening to to what was made available towards home manager two weeks before the hearing.

Preparing towards Hearing

Start off by reviewing the assessment district's advice to your property or home for accuracy. In case the assessment center overstates possibly the high quality or quantity of improvements, this will justify a deduction. The following step is to evaluate the data on market place valuation and unequal assessment supplied by the assessment area during the Place Expenses 201 package. In case the subject matter residence is an income property or home, examination the evaluation district's profit analysis versus your true profits and expense statements. Take into account the following areas as opportunities to rebut the assessment district's analysis:

· Gross potential earnings
· Vacancy rate Apartment Tax Loopholes
· Total effective gross salary, which includes other profit
· Operating costs
· Amount of replacement reserves
· Net operating cash flow
· Capitalization rate
· Final industry significance

Scores of house managers and consultants launch with the true income and expense information, and use one particular or two about the assumptions supplied because of the assessment area. In spite of this, they primarily utilize important info in the true earnings and costs in preparing their own profit analysis and estimate of current market appeal for your subject residence.

When equivalent product sales are the primary issue in determining markets significance, commence by reviewing the equivalent income data made available from the assessment district versus the assessed advantage for the asset. Convert the revenue costs from your evaluation center to either a per square foot or per unit basis. Then compare the revenue towards per square foot or per unit assessment for the place. Sales could be beneficial during the hearing.

The price tag method seriously isn't normally put to use within the place taxes hearings except for brand new or fairly new components. If your real estate asset is new, the assessment area will in all probability need to evaluate the expenditure help and advice and you perhaps won't would like to show it to them. In plenty conditions, the real outlay of a place is higher than the estimate supplied with the appraisal area. If this really is the situation, you may most likely would like to elegance on unequal evaluation rather than on promote price. No matter how superior your argument or how passionately it is usually expressed, the assessment centre staff and Assessment Examine Board (ARB) users usually believe that value equals appreciate for new properties.

Deferred Servicing and Functional Obsolescence

One more concern that's vital towards industry valuation charm, and to some extent for any unequal assessment attractiveness, is answers on deferred upkeep and functional obsolescence. Deferred upkeep could
contain items along the lines of:

· rotten wood
· peeling paint
· roof replacement
· substantial repair
· landscaping updating and other similar items

Most evaluation districts give minimal consideration to requests for alterations dependant on deferred upkeep, unless the real estate asset manager delivers repair charges from independent contractors. You'll find some exceptions in which a cooperative informal appraiser or sympathetic ARB will take an owner's estimate of deferred upkeep and make changes determined by individuals fees. Most appraisers and ARB people are much even more inclined to create changes if third-party charge estimates are furnished. Also, the appraisers and most ARB people are inclined to only deduct a portion within the total cost you utilizing the argument, "we've been giving a replacement reserve allowance for this item for your past years and it'd be double-dipping to deduct the whole prize off it within current year." Although that is an incorrect assessment argument, it does tend to be the practice at several appraisal districts. The reality is, the cost you of curing deferred upkeep is deducted on the provide by a prospective buyer.

Examples of functional obsolescence could be a three-bedroom apartment unit that only has an individual bathroom, or a two-bedroom apartment that doesn't have washer/dryer connections in an location exactly where individuals connections are typical. Yet another example could be an apartment that has a window air conditioner in an place in which central HVAC is standard and expected.

Unequal assessment analysis

The Texas Home Taxes Code, section 41.43(b)(3), delivers for appraising or attractive on unequal evaluation which includes ratio studies and "a fair number of equivalent components appropriately adjusted." Virtually all unequal evaluation appeals involve a realistic variety of comparables that are appropriately adjusted. Comparables are comparable qualities.

It is primarily mainly because to the difficulty and purchase price of performing a ratio study. Historically, the position of scores of assessment districts was that the place operator required to have a fee evaluation for each and every equivalent home and compare the area prize estimated with the appraiser to the assessed appreciate. The amount of obtaining multiple appraisals made this practice financially impractical. Compiling a acceptable variety of comparables appropriately adjusted is straightforward and straightforward. The initial step would be to pick a affordable variety of comparables. Typically four to five comparables may be the standard multitude employed at a property or home taxes hearing, but in some scenarios, home owners choose ten to thirty. In some instances, there will possibly only be a person to four similar components that merit consideration. Most unequal assessment presentations include things like 3 to ten comparables. The number of sensible comparables depends within the location, kind, size and age associated with the property or home. For example, there could well be fewer five-year-old bowling alleys within northern part of Harris County compared to recently built apartment complexes.

Soon after choosing a good number of comparables, array them in a table format, such as fields of information along the lines of account quantity, net rentable spot, calendar year built, street address, assessed importance and assessed benefits per square foot.

The following step is to identify whether or not to generate proper changes. For this administrative hearing, if you've truly equivalent qualities, most boards (appraisal analysis board or ARB) won't be concerned with you not making changes. In the event you make changes, individuals would usually be dependant on factors including differences in size and age compared to your subject real estate.

You should preferably also overview the information and facts within a assessment district's Dwelling Payment 201 packet on an unequal appraisal. In a good number of situations, the assessment districts unequal assessment analysis will document a reduction within your assessed worth! When the evaluation districts unequal appraisal analysis documents a reduction, either the informal appraiser or the ARB might make the adjustment in assessed increased value for you. Having the chance to have an assessed worth diminished automatically dependant on the assessment districts unequal assessment analysis is among the reasons to attractiveness each and every property or home each yr.

Completing Hearing Preparation

When reviewing the evaluation district's detail on your property or home, the Dwelling Payment 201 package, and your field valuation and unequal evaluation analyses, figure out the strengths and weaknesses of every single approach and decide which basis of attractiveness can provide the finest possibility for a meaningful reduction. Whilst appeals on unequal evaluation have clearly been the law associated with the land seeing that 2003, some assessment districts and overview boards have chosen to disregard the preference for unequal assessment put forth because of the Texas Legislature. Though there's litigation underway which are encouraged to resolve this matter within the subsequent calendar year, it could well be prudent to visit someone who is knowledgeable in neighborhood asset tax appeals to decide whether or not the county assessment area and ARB inside your location are considering appeals on unequal evaluation.

Set Negotiating Perimeters

Soon after reviewing the advice, it is usually vital to set the highest level of assessed cost you can expect to accept in the informal listening to when you consider that just after you accept an assessed valuation, the elegance approach will probably be complete for its year or so and you won't be able to charm additional.

Administrative Hearing System

The two measures for the administrative listening to procedure are the informal listening to and also the assessment comparison board listening to.

The Informal Hearing

The following procedure and rules are standard with the informal listening to:

· Meet with an appraiser representing the appraisal center. You will probably be polite and prepared at this meeting. Whilst numerous house masters are frustrated and angry on the high level of real estate taxes, the assessment area appraiser would not control the tax rate set by a variety of entities nor the policy regarding place taxes within your region or even the state. The evaluation center appraiser is trying to execute his job in a professional manner and appreciates it when real estate asset managers function with him on that basis.
· Provide the appraiser guidance on your home and he will analysis that answers and strategies he has available.
· The appraiser will likely make an provide you with to settle the assessed valuation of your place fairly speedily. It is possible to either accept the advantage or negotiate additional. Either way, you may know within ten to twenty minutes regardless of whether the appraiser will present an acceptable worth. If the prize is acceptable, conclude the negotiation by agreeing to your benefit of the recent year. In case the value offered is absolutely not acceptable, ask to go forward with an ARB listening to.

Assessment Evaluation Board Hearing (ARB)

The ARB listening to panel consists of three impartial citizens selected and paid through the assessment district. The age of most ARB associates ranges from fifty to eighty. There exists an unfortunate bias within a system considering the fact that the ARB users are selected and paid through the assessment center, but most ARB associates are good persons who want to produce suitable decisions.

Like the appraisal area appraiser, the ARB would not set taxes rates or taxes policy. The members are also not responsible towards the effectiveness of nearby government. Its unlikely to help your situation should you complain into the ARB users about both the high level of residence taxes or even the poor excellent of some aspect of neighborhood federal government.

The ARB will expect you to create your presentation in about three to ten minutes. They'll usually wait patiently although you make your presentation and would probably have questions subsequent to you conclude. An appraiser in the assessment district, who will possibly or may likely not be the very same individual who attended the informal hearing, will represent the appraisal area at the ARB hearing. The appraiser will comment for the evidence you presented and will My Realty Deal
usually present other tips the assessment center has on the market. In the event you requested a Dwelling Charge 201 package for the place, it substantially limits the evidence the assessment centre appraiser can deliver with the hearing. The ARB people will most likely have questions subsequent to the appraisers presentation. Then the residence user shall be given a final possibility to rebut evidence presented with the assessment center appraiser and easily summarize the evidence. The ARB people strongly prefer you not repeat your entire presentation at this point.

Immediately after hearing the evidence, the ARB people will confer and make a verdict. This verdict will not be topic to negotiation and they will not revise the determination if further proof is presented. When this judgement is announced, the listening to is correctly over. The ARB will send a letter two to four weeks later summarizing their judgement and notifying the manager of the 45 day limitation on the date receipt of your ARB final choice to either request binding arbitration or file a judicial attractiveness.

Binding Arbitration or Judicial Elegance

Beginning September 2005, managers of properties with an assessed enjoy of $1 million or less could perhaps file a request for binding arbitration. The proprietor must file using the assessment center no way more than 45 days once receipt among the notice associated with the ARB's option. The binding arbitration option is interesting when you consider that it includes a loser pays provision. The appraisal center pays for ones arbitrator's charge if your final cherish is closer to your owner's opinion of worth, and also the founder pays for this binding arbitration when the final selection is closer with the assessment district's opinion of enjoy. Binding arbitration was passed to present an alternative to judicial appeals, which is often costly to prosecute.

The majority of masters pursue judicial appeals to further minimize property or home taxations. In 2005, O'Connor & Associates filed over 1,200 judicial appeals on behalf of real estate asset masters within a state of Texas. The judicial appeals can be pricey when the home user and attorney do not fully grasp the system and have a plan in place to minimize the value of legal and expert witness fees. Judicial appeals are ordinarily successful. Nonetheless, success requires cooperation on the real estate asset manager, just like providing responses to questions, documents and a deposition if requested. The judicial appeal is meaningful as an choice to minimize asset taxations considering that it reduces the base advantage. That is imperative because the evaluation center and ARB take into account the base advantage for the subsequent 12 months when setting the administrative hearing price.

Conclusion

Residence proprietors can generate substantial reductions in asset taxations by attractive annually. Think about appeals on both market place significance and unequal evaluation and obtain the Property Expenses 201 related information when preparing for that attractiveness listening to. Real estate asset proprietors must consider all three levels of lure: informal hearing, ARB listening to and judicial appeal/binding arbitration. Even while the ARB listening to and judicial appeal/binding arbitration might be an intimidating operation, each and every is straightforward once you fully grasp the mechanics.

About the Author

zxc

Mensaje Conjunto a Medios en la Cumbre Líderes de Norteamérica

New York State Child support laws?

My fiance' was unemployed due to lay offs for 7 months and had the courts adjust his child support to a feasible amount, so that we were able to provide for ourselves and our children. Now that he has found new employment and his ex petitions the court, will they go back to what he was paying according to court order before, or will the adjust everything again going by his new job? According to the laws of NY state, child support can not be adjusted for 2 years, and it has only been 1 year since they last adjusted it. Just curious if anyone has had the same experience?

Look up NY Fathers for equal rights and call them. This will also help.

http://tinyurl.com/ChildSupportModification
http://tinyurl.com/StepFamilies
http://tinyurl.com/Custody-Can-A-Father-Win
http://tinyurl.com/ChildSupportTrustFund

New York Employment Discrimination NYC Lawyers

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Is it illegal in Illinois for a supervisor to lie about a job reference of a former employee?

The law firm I worked at for 11 years filed bankruptcy and went out of business. It was a large firm with over 400 employees nationally and internationally. My former supervisor is flat out lying when employment agencies call her for my reference. I was a very good employee and never had any problems. In fact, I was promoted twice and worked for the managing partner when the firm folded. This former supervisor is angry with me because I upset a mutual friend and when the employment agency called her for a reference she told them I had suffered a nervous breakdown, was unstable and a few other things. These are just flat out lies! I don't know who to contact about my employment records from the firm because they are out of business.

Seems to me she is no longer representing the firm, as it no longer exists, so your problem with her is personal, and not with the firm.

Yes, it sounds like slander, but pursuing a claim against her is not likely to lead anywhere and will distract you from your job search. To keep her from slandering your name, don't give her the opportunity. Look up the current contact information for the managing partner you worked for at the firm and use his/her as a reference instead.

Gov. Blagojevich Bans Employee Verification

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Taylor English Ranked No. 1 Fastest-Growing Law Firm in Atlanta
Atlanta Business Chronicle today ranked Taylor English Duma LLP the fastest-growing law firm in Atlanta. No other law firm in the metro area posted a bigger increase in revenue or added more attorneys than Taylor English over the past five years, the report indicates. read more
Employer Labor Lawyer / Attorney in Georgia

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AmeriPlan® - A True Work At Home Career

AmeriPlan® has been in business since 1992 and since then, it has been helping thousands and thousands of people save money on their health care. A very large number of people in the United States today are uninsured or under-insured simply because not everyone can afford today's high cost of health insurance. AmeriPlan® is not insurance, but a much better alternative. They offer discount benefit plans that help its members save up to 80% and more on all of their medical, dental, vision, prescription and chiropractic services.  

AmeriPlan® is set up as follows:  

Their headquarters is based in Plano Texas. It is equipped with close to 250 full timers who process all applications submitted to them by Independent Business Owners (IBO) who work from their homes all across the United States. Every discount benefit plan that AmeriPlan® offers MUST be purchased through an independent business owner working from home.

They set up their homes as a "call center". People respond to their advertisements and either call them or request more information through their websites. The IBO then contacts this person back and give them the information that they have requested. They will also ask them questions so they can pair them up with a benefits package that will work best for them and their family. Once the IBO presents the information over the phone to the prospect, they fill up their application and submit it to the AmeriPlan® headquarters through their Internet connection. The customer service staff working on location, will take over the application and complete the process. THEY issue and mail out the memberships cards and packets and THEY collect all payments. The IBO's sole responsibility it to respond back to people, give them the information and fill out the applications. AmeriPlan® takes care of the rest.

There is no cold-calling as IBOs only contact people who have requested information from them.

FREE ongoing training is provided to all Independent Business Owners.

All Independent Business Owners are provided FREE ongoing training under a team. The training is done at their homes over the phone and on the Internet. They immediately receive the link and password to their team's website where they will be guided step by step on how to get up and going with the company. 

There are also LIVE training calls held every day of the week that cover topics such as: Orientation; Health Benefits Training; How To Talk To Prospects; How To Enroll Small Groups and much more.

Many training calls are recorded and the audio links are added to the training website and on the team's newsletters. This way it makes it more flexible for people with tight schedules.

Aside from all this training, every new IBO will also have a personal trainer and one on one mentoring at no cost.

AmeriPlan®'s Discount Programs

AmeriPlan® has 4 incredible discount programs available. These can be used on their own or as a supplement to any existing health insurance.  

Dental PLUS - Includes Vision, Prescription and Chiropractic benefits. This plan saves members up to 80% on their dental, vision, prescription and chiropractic services. There are no limits on visits or services. This plan is only $14.95/month for a single membership ~OR~ $19.95/month for an entire household - related or not. All people living under the same address will be covered at that one low price.

Basic Wellness - This plan includes Vision Services, Prescription Drug Services, Hearing Services and 24/7 Nurse Line.  This plan is only $14.95 to cover an entire household.

Total Health Plus- Includes Primary Care, 24/7 Nurse line, Ancillary Services, Podiatry, Surgeons, Pre-Natal Care and much more. The cost of this plan ranges from $29.95 - $59.95 - Depending on certain add-ons such as Dental Plus and other non-medical programs.

AmeriPlan® also offers non medical programs to help people save more.  

SecureNet - Protects your money, your credit, your family and your children. This program offers Roadside Assistance, Legal Services, Financial Services, Credit Repair, Debt Management, Identity Theft and Child Protection Services. The cost for this membership is only $24.95/month.

Savings Card - Saves you money on EVERYDAY Expenses: This program is called the "Freedom Pass". It offers savings on dining, automotive, shopping, travel, cruises and recreation. The cost for this program is only $14.95/month.


YES, THAT IS WHAT AMERIPLAN® IS ALL ABOUT! 
AmeriPlan® loves to help people SAVE money.

What type of people does AmeriPlan® seek?

AmeriPlan® is looking for people who want to make a realistic income from the comfort of their homes. They must be comfortable on the phone and using a computer.

This opportunity is not for those who are looking to get rich quick. Most IBOs are making a comfortable income with this business. Many still work a full time job while working this business on a part time basis. For many, this has been an incredible supplement to their income, while for others it has been able to completely replace their full time incomes.

Success with AmeriPlan® is very typical. However, the person needs to understand that there is work involved. They need to commit to the trainings and to working their business. It is recommended that a person work this business a minimum of 2 hours per day or 10-12 hours per week. More would be fantastic, but if 2 hours per day is all that can be put into the business, this has to be done on a consistent basis. AmeriPlan® has no quotas and no caps on earnings. Each IBO chooses how many and which hours of the day they want to work.

How much money can a person make with AmeriPlan®?

AmeriPlan® pays a 30% RESIDUAL commission on each membership enrolled. With residual, a person gets paid over and over for work they do ONCE.

There are two different ways an IBO can earn money.

The first is by enrolling members into the discount health benefits packages. The other is by enrolling people to work from home with AmeriPlan®.

When enrolling health memberships, IBOs get paid anywhere from $4.48 - $17.98 per membership, per month. When enrolling people to work from home, they get paid $15 - $30, per person, per month. The difference in amounts depend on the package that the person chooses. No matter what the cost is, the IBO will get 30% of it, each and every month for as long as it remains active.

How much residual can a person build in 6 months? In one year?!  

AmeriPlan® health memberships have a very high retention - close to 90%. This means that 90% of the people who enroll in their health membership packages stay for long periods of time. AmeriPlan® has NO CONTRACTS. People can cancel at anytime. They choose to stay because they NEED these great benefit.

Is There a Cost To Work This Business From Home?

With AmeriPlan® you are not going to be working a "JOB". This is a BUSINESS. You will get paid on a 1099 identifying you as an independent contractor. This makes you eligible for all of those huge home office deductions! As a home business owner, you will be able to write off a portion of things you normally pay for now in your home - as business expenses. Some of these include, rent or mortgage, electricity, computer, Internet, gas and much more. Many people are not really aware of the great benefits that come with being a home business owner.

Just like a franchise - if someone were to open up a McDonald's or a Burger King, there are expenses involved because it is a BUSINESS. The same goes with AmeriPlan®. AmeriPlan® is not offering "employment" but rather an opportunity to own a profitable home business under their name, just like McDonald's is owned by one person  - but locations are owned by different owners. The difference here is that a person does not have to have thousands of dollars to get started. Even a person earning minimum wage can afford to start their own AmeriPlan® business.

AmeriPlan® has different options which makes it easier for people to get started. It all depends on the financial situation the person is in.

OPTION # 1: Basic IBO

With this option a person can start their AmeriPlan® home business with an initial investment and a monthly recurring overhead of just $50. This overhead is completely tax deductible. It is contract-less and it can be cancelled at anytime.

The Basic IBO gets the following:

• Dental Plus Benefits - For entire Household - Save up to 80% on all dental, vision, prescription and chiropractic services.
• Freedom Pass (Limited) - Offers savings on dining, automotive, recreations and shopping.
• An Accidental Death & Dismemberment life insurance policy (Upon qualification)
• Unlimited training and support
• 3 e-commerce enabled websites - hosting, maintenance, design and updating included
• 1 IBO back office. This website maintains the IBO's business records up to date and enables them to check up on their enrollments and their earnings
• Full customer support for all the members the IBO signs up. This is a full team of people who work FOR the IBO.  
• ekit- an online start-up kit with .pdf files of brochures, applications and more
• Direct Deposit Options (After advancement in the company)
• 401K program (Once monthly residual income reaches $1000)

  

OPTION # 2:  Premier IBO

This is the most popular option since it includes the best benefits package. A person starting up with this option will have an initial investment and recurring monthly overhead of $100. 

The Premier IBO gets all of the benefits as the Basic IBO PLUS the following:

• Total Health - For Entire Household - Includes: Physician Care, Hospital Advocacy, Podiatry, 24/7 Nurseline (Not included in Option 1) 
• SecureNet Program - Which Includes: ID Theft Protection, National Child ID Kit, Family Legal Plan, Roadside Assistance and Financial Services.
• Freedom Pass (Plus) - Great savings on dining, automotive, recreations, shopping, hotels, golf, condo resorts, cruises, travel packages, car rentals, movies and much more. To see your estimated savings 
• AmeriPlan Tax & Money Matters (ATM2) Club~ Quarterly Tax Advice from Sandy Botkin, CPA
• Ability to upgrade to TOP (Trainer Optional Program - Option 3 below)

OPTION # 3: TOP (Trainer Optional Program)

This is perfect for someone who is coming in with a lot of experience in phones and marketing. A person who wishes to start with this option will need an initial investment of $500 with a monthly recurring overhead of $100.

The TOP option offers all of the benefits as the Basic and the Premier IBO PLUS a lot more benefits, including bonus opportunities!

IBOs who start off with the TOP option get:

• All the benefits listed above on Option 1 and Option 2
• $300 in gift certificates for business supplies to help set up a home office.
• $500 in redeemable gas vouchers
• $100 Jump Start Bonus opportunity paid when enrolling 3 new memberships within their first 28 days.  

OPTIONAL ADD ONS:

All IBOs who start on either of the options above also have to option of investing in a broker kit with contents valued at over $120. New IBOs can take advantage of this kit during their initial enrollment for just $45.

This kit contains:

(1) IBO Benefits Guide
(1) Welcome Letter
(2) Sales Aid Order Forms (with return envelopes)
(1) AmeriCAM™/IBO Support Instructions
(1) New IBOs: Your Questions Answered
(1) AmeriPlan® Discount Programs "What-If" DVD
(1) "What If" DVD order form (with return envelope)
(50) Dental Plus brochures
(50) Total Health brochures
(25) Total Health Plus brochures
(25) AmeriPlan® Discount Programs Combo brochures
(10) New IBO Benefits Agreements
(1) IBO "AmeriPlan Health® Membership Application"
(1) IBO Commission Election Form
(3) $25.00 Sales Aid Certificates (Totalling $75 for use to purchase marketing supplies such as more brochures, DVDs and more)

How can a person receive more information and how can a person get started?

Starting an AmeriPlan® home business is very simple. It is recommended that you first request an interview so you can get your questions answered and go over more information with a recruit to see if this business opportunity is the best for you.

Marlene Jones is an AmeriPlan® recruiter, presently working with the fastest growing team in AmeriPlan®. She offers a training TRIAL so people can attend before making a decision to join her team.

You can request an Interview with Marlene Jones at: http://www.freedomathometeam.com/getpaid/request

 
*AmeriPlan®'s business opportunity is not presently available in the states of Montana and Alaska. The opportunity is available to South Carolina residents but with special rules according to their state law. Contact Marlene Jones for more information.

About the Author

Marlene is a stay at home mom of two small children. She enjoys spending time at home with her kids while running a successful home business.

what is Employment Act 2002.?

can u please provide me some brief information about that law as soon as u can plz...... thanx

I think it is the one that changed salary workers and who could be a salary worker. Just getting this off the top of my head, not sure if I am right.

Circus Guide Entertainment Agency-Sasha-Aerial Ring Act

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Drug-Free Workplaces: 10 Myths & Insider Tips: How Employers Establish and Keep Drugs Out of the Workplace

MYTH:  Most Individuals addicted to alcohol and/or illicit drugs are unemployed.

Reality:  More than 75% of substance addicted persons work. [SAMHSA 2007] The rate of substance addicted workers in the average workplace is about 13%.

Employer Tip:  Search the SAMHSA website for current substance abuse statistics and free information about prevention and treatment. Workplace addiction can be prevented with innovative best practices that save time, money and lives.

MYTH:  The financial consequences of workplace substance abuse are decreasing.

Reality:  Employer expenses related to substance abuse are increasing and may  exceed $250 Billion per year, based only on the following expenses:

-  Workers’ Compensation:  Substance abusers register 50% of all claims and 5X more claims than average. [National Council on Compensation Insurance]

-  Health Benefits:  Abusers utilize 8X greater health benefits and spend >300% more on healthcare than peers. [US Department of Labor]

-  Absenteeism:  Substance abusers account for 35% of all work absences and are 6X more truant than colleagues. [US Department of Labor]

-  General:  Substance addicted employees are responsible for much higher rates of workplace turnover, theft, accidents, deaths and violence.  [Special Congressional Report on Alcohol and Health; US Department of Labor]

Employer Tip:  Implement Drug Free Workplace (DFW) programs featuring zero-tolerance, high integrity drug testing, measurable performance behaviors, and Lean principles to best and most quickly impact substance-related expenses. (Resource:  U.S. Drug Testing Laws By State (http://reduceyourworkerscomp.com//drug-testing-state-laws.php)

MYTH: Absenteeism is the leading substance addiction expense for employers.

Reality:  Untrue!  It is estimated that “presenteeism” (present at work but impaired) may be 6.5X more costly than absenteeism.   In fact, many substance addicted workers are never intoxicated on the job, but are in an acute phase of detoxification, given the short acting pharmacology of alcohol and most illicit drugs.   In simplest terms, this is brain-impaired presenteeism.

Employer Tip:  Be vigilant for substance related presenteeism (i.e. alcoholism: tremors, sweating, irritability, mistakes, poor judgment, injuries etc.). Best practice mandates immediate feedback re: symptoms/behaviors, and facilitated discussions with managers and staff to explore presenteeism solutions.

MYTH:  Recent data published in the Wall Street Journal showing a declining rate of positive urine drug    tests means that workplace substance abuse is decreasing.

Reality:  No scientific conclusions* can be drawn from this data about workplace substance abuse.  What definitely is true is that urine drug test adulteration and substitution is big business.  On the day this article was written, a web-search of “How to beat a urine drug test” returned 976,000 results!  These results showed how to beat employment screening, return to duty and random drug testing, even naming specific companies and their urine drug testing protocols to ensure best-practice adulteration method!  SAMHSA’s substance abuse survey data shows worker substance addiction to be over 10% for decades, including the latest results from 2007 (8.8% illicit drugs and 8.9% for alcohol).  The Supreme Court shares our concern, recently ruling that regardless of company policy/preference, all workers who test positive  must be observed  during return to duty drug testing.

*[The authors have contacted the Wall Street Journal Editor to clarify any misperceptions].

Employer Tip:  Consult a clinical expert about drug test contamination and the latest drug testing technologies, some of which help minimize adulteration (i.e. lab-based oral fluids testing with “non-mandated” companies).  Be cautious of any research study interpretations which do not match up with SAMHSA’s data.

MYTH:  In 2006, the next drug-class abused after alcohol by individuals 12 years of age and older was THC (marihuana etc.), as it has been for decades.

Reality:  Surprisingly, for the first time in years, “illicit pain-relievers” inched out THC as that next class of drugs abused after alcohol.

Employer Tip:  Stay current with the latest drug addiction trends, some of which are geographically specific.  It is best-practice to add oxycodone to drug testing regimens, especially in the northeast, where epidemic abuse is emerging. Additionally, parent education must stress this startling development.

MYTH: The DOT’s standard drug test detects oxycoton, because one of the “standard panels” measures for the opiate class of drugs.

Reality:  Not so! In fact most standard drug screens will not detect oxycodone (semi-synthetic opiate) unless it is present in very high quantities. A survey of MDs at a major academic hospital found most physicians to be unaware of this.

Employer Tip:  Annually consult a clinical substance abuse expert to review your DFW plan.  Immediately add oxycodone to all drug screening protocols.

MYTH: The best way to reduce workplace addiction commits most resources to catching abusers, so as to deter other employees from substance abuse.

Reality:  This “war on drugs” enforcement tactic has not reduced worker addiction.  The #1 drug of choice is alcohol, and test-measurable alcohol is almost always “slept off” before work.  A DFW program primarily focusing on drug testing undermines DFW integrity, encourages adulteration and lowers employee morale.

Employer Tip:  Shift strategy/resources to create DFW cultural norms consistent with zero-tolerance, personal responsibility, continuous-improvement coaching, employee empowerment, health/wellness, and employee assistance.  Complete the “win-win” by enhancing leader competency to manage accountability for performance expectations, and gain the competitive advantage of highest employee engagement and increased productivity organization-wide.

MYTH: Transforming a work culture to truly achieve and sustain a substance-free environment takes a significant amount of money and time.

Reality #1:  Not true. Financing a DFW culture essentially amounts to shifting resources (refer to substance related employer costs documented in Myth #2).  

Reality #2:  Integrating best-practice change-management techniques and Lean principles will fast-track DFW transformation and improve/accelerate ROI!  With supportive executives, the infrastructures for a new/upgraded DFW culture can be implemented in less than a week, and instantly begin delivering a huge ROI.

Employeer Tip:  Implement DFW cultures which are leader/employee driven and hard-wire measurable performance expectations. Create a dashboard of success-measures (expense and revenue indicators) and post quarterly, company-wide.

MYTH:  Most companies manage change well, and incremental, slower transitions will improve the chances for success.

Reality:  No, and no!  *McKinsey’s Classic Change Study (2008) found change is successfully managed only 33% of the time and “bigger and timely” transitions predict success.   

Employer Tip:  When initiating or refining DFW programs, consult with both workplace addiction and change-management experts.

*[ Creating Organizational Transformations: McKinsey Global Survey Results - August 2008 ]

MYTH:  In this economy, workplace addiction should become a less important priority, particularly for retrenched companies unable to increase market share.

Reality:  These unprecedented times underscore the quintessential value of employees and the P&L’s bottom-line. For retrenched companies, addressing DFW improves morale/productivity and reduces major expenses (saves jobs). For growing businesses, improving DFW adds to company valuation, reduces risk and improves employee engagement (company of choice).  (workersxzcompxzkit)    

Employer Tip:   Learn as much as possible about workplace addiction.  Consult with the many free resources available, including web-sites sponsored by the US Department of Labor (Partners for a Drug Free Workplace) and SAMHSA. 

WorkersCompKit® Blog Guest Authors:   Bill White MSN and Katharine White MS

Do not use this information without independent verification. All state laws vary. You should consult with your insurance broker about workers' comp issues.

©2009 Amaxx Risk Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved under International Copyright Law. If you would like permission to reprint this material, contact Info@WorkersCompKit.com

About the Author

WorkersCompKit® Blog Guest Authors: Bill White MSN and Katharine White MSN, are leadership entrepreneurs who co-founded DFW-Renaissance Inc. (www.dfw-r.com) and co-developed managerial science innovation DFW-R Lean Culture™ (to create/sustain highly engaged drug free workforces). Both are former hospital C-Suite executives with extensive drug treatment, leadership and behavioral health experience. Look for their upcoming headline article in DATIA Focus on DFW Culture Change and Employee Morale. They can be reached by email at billtwhite@cox.net and phone at 401- 447-1168.

November 27, 2009 a drive through my neighborhood.wmv

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Purchasing Workers’ Compensation Insurance: 14 Payroll Adjustments Effecting Workers’ Comp Insurance Premiums

Estimating payroll  is an all-important feature of workers’ comp insurance  as your premium payment is pegged to figures. Part of the audit process determines whether an employer’s payroll figures were accurate. If you under-estimated, there are additional premiums to pay. On the other hand, if you over-estimate, you may receive a refund. However, it’s better to estimate payroll figures as close to actual figures as possible.

14 Common Adjustments

1.  Pretax deductions,  also known as section ,125/129 deductions are deducted from the premium base in California ONLY. Other states include section 125 in premium base. California employers should be sure to have this information summarized so it can be deducted from the exposure totals for their policy.

2.  Tips paid  are a form of third party pay and is excludable from the premium base in many states. Remember tips and service charges are different – tips are paid directly to employees by customers, where service charges are paid to the employer. Only tips can be excluded. 

3.   Severance paid  is excludable from the premium base in many states.

 4.  Overtime dollars  paid are excludable from the premium base in many states.

5.   Value of Group term life  over $50,000 are IRS imputed income and excludable from the premium base in many states.

6.  Fringe benefits  that are IRS imputed income, such as personal use of an auto, are excludable from the premium base in many states.

7.  3rd party sick pay  is excludable from the premium base in many states, because the payments are made directly from the 3rd party payer to the employee - the employer does not make these payments, although in some cases they are included in the employers’ records. If included in the gross wages, these can be deducted.

8.  Reimbursed expenses  shown in income with actual records of the expense submitted is excludable from the premium base in many states. IRS rules often require including certain expenses the insurance industry does not include, so let the auditor know about such reimbursements so allowable deductions can be excluded. 

9.  Military pay  is excludable from the premium base in many states, so if you continue to pay employees who are in the service document these payments so the auditor can review them.

10.  Stock options  are excludable from the premium base in many states.

11.  Holiday/vacation/sick pay  are excludable from the premium base in some states such as Kansas, as long as actual amounts are documented for specific pay that is vacation pay. 

12.  Residuals  from commercials and motion pictures can be excluded in most states.

13.  Expense reimbursements reported as income is excludable from the premium base in many states.

14.  Stock bonuses  are included in the premium base in many states, so if these amounts are available the auditor can review them. (workersxzcompxzkit)

As you see , there are many different rules in each of the 50 states offering some significant opportunities to reduce your workers’ compensation premiums. Work very closely with your auditor to make your audit as accurate as possible! 

Resources:  State’s laws:  http://reduceyourworkerscomp.com/laws_and_regulations.php 

Visit:  http://www.workerscompkit.com/gallagher/QuoteCenter/workers-compensation-insurance.php for more help and information.

Extracted from Workers’ Comp Kit® Blog.

About the Author

Author Robert Elliott, executive vice president, Amaxx Risks Solutions, Inc. has worked successfully for 20 years with many industries to reduce Workers' Compensation costs, including airlines, health care, manufacturing, printing/publishing, pharmaceuticals, retail, hospitality and manufacturing. He can be contacted at: Robert_Elliott@ReduceYourWorkersComp.com or 860-553-6604.

4/19/10: White House Press Briefing

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Understanding Your Blood Alcohol Level

Your blood alcohol level (BAC) identifies the amount of alcohol present in your blood stream. Alcohol gets absorbed directly by your blood, making it relatively easy to test for. It does not get digested first like food does. Whereas it may take several hours for the nutrients in food to be absorbed by your blood stream and distributed to your cells and organs, alcohol can be absorbed and distributed within about 50 minutes.

Your rate of metabolism is a major factor in determining how quickly your body will process and eliminate alcohol from its system. Your liver is responsible for processing alcohol, and it is then expelled through your sweat, breath, and urine. The quicker your metabolism, the quicker your liver will process the alcohol in your system.

On average, most people can process and eliminate one drink per hour. One drink is considered:

• One shot (1 oz. of 80 proof liquor)




• One 12 oz. beer




• One 4 oz. glass of wine

Your BAC will start to rise at a rate of .02 for every drink you consume above one an hour. As your BAC rises, your organs become more and more saturated with alcohol, causing you to feel intoxicated.

Breath Tests

The breathalyzer machine tests the alcohol level of the air in your lungs. There is a direct ratio of 2100:1 linking the alcohol concentration in your lungs to the alcohol concentration in your blood. In other words, every 2100 milliliters of air has the exact same alcohol content as 1 milliliter of blood.

In order for a breath test to accurately determine your BAC, you will need to supply a continuous breath sample of at least 30 seconds. The passage of time will not necessarily lower your BAC. If you have consumed several alcoholic beverages just prior to getting behind the wheel, your body will continue to process this alcohol over the next hour or two. Therefore, it is possible to have a higher BAC when you reach the police station than you did while driving.

Blood Tests

Blood tests are not used as frequently as breath tests because they are considered a more invasive procedure and your blood sample will need to be sent to a lab, causing it to take longer to receive the results. However, blood tests are the method of choice when you are under suspicion of being impaired by drugs.

It is important to understand what is being tested when you are given a blood test. Some labs test whole blood while others test plasma or serum. This will have a big impact on your BAC.

Whole blood is made up of cellular material, plasma, and fibrinogen (a clotting agent). If the solid material is removed, you are left with plasma or serum (plasma without fibrinogen). If the lab is testing your plasma or serum, it will give you an artificially high BAC.

This occurs because when the cellular material is removed by centrifuge, you are left with the same amount of alcohol in a smaller volume of liquid. This will increase the concentration of alcohol in the blood liquid. Serum or plasma BAC measurements are generally about 16% higher than whole blood BAC measurements. This is a big difference.

It is a good idea to ask the lab technician what is being tested. If he is testing plasma or serum, you can expect to be considered more intoxicated than you actually are. This is important information to provide to your DUI attorney.

Don’t Defend Yourself

If you are charged with a DUI, it is important to seek the assistance of an attorney experienced in handling DUI cases. The consequences of a DUI conviction are severe, and can result in serious fines, jail time, loss of license, cancellation of your insurance policy, and potential employment problems. A DUI lawyer can help keep the damage from these charges to a minimum.

If you have been charged with a DUI in the Baltimore, Annapolis, Glen Burnie, or Columbia, Maryland areas, please contact the law offices of Jimeno & Gray, P.A. today to schedule an initial consultation.

About the Author

How to Apply for Maryland Unemployment Insurance

Reduction Approved: Copan won’t re-employ 3 teachers for 2010-11
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I need a good employment law attorney in orlando, Florida?

I am in an awkward situation with my job and I need a good employment law attorney to represent me against these people who have enacted unfair business practices.

I would suggest giving more details, as you may not have been subjected to unfair business practices. Last thing you need is to pay for an attorney that can't help you anyway.

Orlando Commercial Litigation Attorney Rick Martindale Abogado de Negocios en Orlando Florida

employment laws?

i just came back from a job interview and if i get job will be rotating the 1st, 2nd and 3rd **** but the guy said i would be the only female working nights when doing the 3rd shift and he said i would not be alone i would be with some guys but, he said he dont no if it's against the law 2 let one woman work alone at night with men.

I don't think it is against that law...at least here in the US although I would think that he is thinking the men may sexually or verbally harass you...

True Stories of the Harris County Sheriff's Office Patrol Bureau

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My employers have not paid me..its been almost 4 weeks!!?

I recently started working for a company called Interserve as a cleaner in a homebase store, I was given paperwork to give all my details, national insurance and bank details to fill out. I was only told that someone would be there to pick my details up but that was nearly 4 weeks ago now and I am supposed to be paid weekly, as a result of this I am now in debt with the bank and have no money whatsoever! i have written a letter to the to request why this has happened but not recieved any feedback yet and any time i try to phone them it either rings out or i just get fobbed off. I phoned ACAS (employment law) and they advised me that if i recieve no reply to my letter i can take them to an employment tribunal for wages? is this correct ?? how would i go about this? ...is what they are doing legal? I dont even know who my line manager is!

Is this the same company?

http://www.interserveplc.co.uk/plc/contact+us/default.htm

This is a large and reputable company and I cannot believe that you cannot get in contact with them. Check your contact details against the web site here. Call them and ask to speak to HR to check that they have a record of your employment.

Something's not right here. A company this size just does not behave this way. I suspect there may be some sort of scam involved here.

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White House silent on Mass. gay marriage ruling
A key part of a law denying married gay couples federal benefits has been thrown out the window in Massachusetts, the first state to legalize gay marriage. The ball now lies in the White House's court, which must carefully calculate the next move by an administration that has faced accusations it has not vigorously defended the law of the land.
Senate Session 2010-04-12 (14:49:43-15:50:57)

Employment Law Training Suggests Employers Offer Alternative Jobs Before Redundancies

Several tips and pitfalls for employers regarding offering and moving employees to new jobs as an alternative to making staff redundant. Employment Law Training offers UK businesses the full picture of options when axing staff looms.

Employers facing a round of tough redundancies should consider offering staff alternative jobs instead.

In today’s increasingly competitive marketplace, some employers may well find they face tough decisions, with the harsh reality being that they have no option but to make some of their workers redundant.

This is obviously a difficult situation, but one which more and more companies are faced with as the economy struggles to cope on the verge of a possible recession.

But have you considered all the options – don’t just jump in straight away and take the drastic step of axing staff without exploring every other possible approach.

Could you for instance minimise the impact of your difficult position by finding alternative roles for those staff within your organisation instead? It may take time to work this out and solve the jigsaw puzzle of moving people around between different departments, but it could be well worth the patience and effort.

This approach though may seem to be the perfect solution, and could save you from the dreaded redundancy announcement.

But employers need to make sure they stay on the right side of the Employment Rights Act 1996 when it comes to managing the process.

You don’t want to find that simply by trying to help your employees, you are contravening the rules and getting your company into trouble.

The Employment Appeal Tribunal has also set out new guidelines to explain how you should manage the offer of an alternative job and there are definitely pitfalls you need to avoid.

Employers should offer the person a trial period in the new potential job, usually four weeks is the right kind of timescale as it will give you, and them, the chance to carefully assess whether it’s a suitable move.

Communicate clearly to the employees involved how the trial period for an alternative job will operate, right from the start – don’t leave them in any doubt about where they stand.

Ensure they know that if they want to turn down the new job, they must do it within the four-week period, because if they don’t, and the four-week deadline passes without a formal decision, they could forfeit their right to a statutory redundancy payment.

Make sure too that any proposed alternative employment is actually suitable for the employee involved, and not just a position where you happen to have a vacancy.

Offering your staff a job which you know will be beyond their skills or totally out of their remit could put you at risk of an unfair dismissal claim.

It’s completely understandable that bosses should want to try to help their staff, particularly if they’ve been with your company a long time, but make sure you’re operating within the guidelines, and that an alternative job offer really is appropriate.

You don’t want to make a difficult situation even worse by raising their hopes of avoiding the axe with a possible new job offer, only to find that it’s not right for you or them, and they are faced with being made redundant after all.

This article is free to republish provided the authors resource box below remains intact.

About the Author

John Mehtam is a specialist Employment Law Solicitor and heads the employment law team at Martin Kaye Solicitors. John runs numerous presentations on this specialist subject and offers Employment Law Training.

Can Employers Force Workers to Retire?

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The Value of Branding Your Blog

Harnessing the marketing power of your blog is an excellent strategy for growing your business. With the many benefits of blogs, including SEO and developing customer loyalty, even Fortune 500 companies are jumping on the bandwagon. However, utilizing blogs is not as simple as writing articles that optimize your company’s keywords.

Seeing your blog as an extension of your marketing and branding efforts is the key to maximizing the benefits of blogging. Remember, the purpose of your blog is to attract your target customer base – and keep them coming back for more. With that said, there are several strategies you can utilize to maximize the marketing power of your blog.

What does your blog say about your company?

A major element of your marketing efforts is brand congruency. McDonald’s, Apple, Nike, and the other highly successful global organizations have achieved their status through intelligent, congruent branding. Keeping this in mind, it is critical that your blog stays in line with your branding efforts. Readers see the blog as a personal extension of the company, and thus, it is important that it reflects the same character of your branding strategy.

For example, if you run an online party supplies store that is known for creativity, then make sure your blog reflects that branding. Include innovative party ideas, such as themes, unique DIY decorating tips, and recipes. This creates significant value with your target customer base, while keeping in line with the creative branding your company employs.

How is your blog valuable to your target customer?

Although blogs are indeed beneficial for SEO purposes, the most power you can generate from your blog stems from attracting your target customer. With this in mind, carefully evaluate how valuable your blog postings are to your client base. Put yourself in their shoes; would you bookmark your blog and come back regularly?

One strategic – and easy – way to increase the value of your blog is to create specialized content. Positioning yourself as a specialist and expert in the field not only provides value to the customer, but inherently reinforces the legitimacy of your company.

For example, if you are a recruiting firm, then your blog should discuss pressing HR issues that your clients would find valuable. You could expound upon changing laws, new legal rulings, powerful interview questions, and background check tools. Not only do you reaffirm your expertise in recruiting employees, but you present very valuable information that would prompt your client base to become regular readers.

How does your blog stand out from the crowd?

With many of your competitors utilizing blogs, how can you compel your target audience to visit your blog? The key is to create innovative content that stands far above mediocre articles. While many blogs simply write average, keyword-rich articles for SEO purposes, make sure your blog shines with innovative content. Whether you infuse humor, compelling research, breaking news, or expert knowledge, writing interesting blog articles is the most powerful way to generate attention. Keep in mind that your goal is to create articles worthy of links – ones that other blogs and social networks will want to re-publish – and your content will easily stand out from the blogging crowd.

When you create innovative, valuable content that is in line with your branding strategy, your business can fully reap the benefits of blogging. Leave your competition in the dust as you jumpstart your marketing campaign with the power of today’s blog!

About the Author

Discover how blog content can increase your companys potential by visiting our Learning Guides. CommunicateBetter.org offers powerful freelance writing services, whether you need valuable, ghost-written blog articles or engaging, converting landing pages.

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California Business Law Attorneys – How Important are They

Legal services are often deemed unnecessary and are often seen as mere additional expense. But you may be overseeing the fact that California business law attorneys can help a great deal in corporate dealings and operations.

They are not only good in issues of litigation such as when you are being investigated for securities fraud by the Security and Exchange Commission or when a customer charges against you for product liability. Business attorneys can also prevent various legal issues that can come out of forming a business, whether a small start-up or a large corporation.

Engaging in the world of business can involve tremendous tasks, from hiring employees to tax issues, from registering and licensing to negotiating business transactions, so on and so forth. It entails so many concerns that it will just be impossible to get your hands on all these alone. You may ask, what makes it so important to seek help from a lawyer?

• A business attorney can make sure your company is in observance with corporate official procedures. A business attorney can draft resolutions, contracts, minutes, etc.

• A business attorney can present direct access to legal guidance with familiarity of your business in times of setbacks to assess circumstances when they happen and give you timely proposals and assistance.

• A business attorney can modify or re-establish crucial agreements like shareholder, operating or purchase agreements.

• A business attorney can advice you with your legal options and ways to resolve disputes

• A business attorney can give a classified sounding board to aid, evaluate, and develop company issues, strategies and plans.

• A business attorney can organize employee policies/handbooks and employment agreements defending you from unlawful termination and discrimination charges.

• A business attorney can identify probable problems that you may not expect with your company, its operations, its employees, policies and procedures.

• A business attorney can arrange and examine business documents and contracts. Even though there are a number of pre-printed forms and self-help legal guides, you must not depend on these resources completely. Business law can be complex, and errors could be costly.

• A business attorney can negotiate on your behalf for the sale of your company or the possession of another company or its assets.

• A business attorney can negotiate financial arrangements.

• A business attorney can help you in getting State and Federal licenses your business may call for.

• A business attorney can help you protect your company’s creative works and intellectual property.

How do you choose the right business law attorney in California? Hiring a corporate legal counsel you can trust and rely on is of utmost importance. You need to be at ease enough with your lawyer to discuss confidential matters with him or her. You also need a counsel whom you can have confidence with.

In addition, find an attorney who you can communicate with easily, one who can keep in touch with you regularly, and a person who finds time to meet or talk with you personally to discuss your concerns.

It is highly advisable that you get a business attorney who has the necessary background experience that will meet your legal needs. Seek one who has expertise with business laws, and who is well versed, knowledgeable and skilled with business legal matters.

Though hiring a business attorney does entail financial expense, the little amount you would be spending will not compare to the thousands of dollars your company would be paying in case you are faced with contractual or employment disputes. Having appropriately arranged contracts at the onset may avert the matter from ever proceeding to a lawsuit.

Our California attorneys have solid background in handling various cases involving the Business Law. For free evaluation of your case, log on to our website and fill out our form.

About the Author

Jinky once aspired to become an hotelier. Now, she hopes of becoming a successful doctor. She intends to pursue this dream in the near future. In the meantime, she’s glad for the opportunity to enhance her writing skills while working as a content writer.

CA State Capitol Rally for the Employee Free Choice Act - Harley Shaiken of UC Berkeley

Thai Labor Protection Act & Employment Law

The Labor Protection Act of 1998 (LPA) and the Civil Commercial Code (CCC) are primarily responsible for administering labor protection laws in Thailand. In other words, the rights and duties pertaining to the employer and employee are governed by series of a laws and procedures.


Apart from Labor Protection Act BE 2541 (1998) and Thai Civil and Commercial Code, the laws in connection with Thai labor issues cover Labor Relations Act BE 2518 (AD 1975), Provident Fund Act BE 2530 (AD 1987), Social Security Act BE (AD 1900), and Workmen's Compensation Act BE 2537 (AD 1994.)


The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, via the Department of Labor Protection and Welfare, administers the laws as well as rights with regard to labor issues. Further, the Minister of Labor and Social Welfare also possess right to appoint labor inspectors as well as to issue regulations and notifications.


The Labor Protection Act and other related laws have set up employees' minimum rights working in the country. This in turn includes rights covering almost every aspect of an employment such as working hours, remuneration, child and female labor, employee welfare fund, overtime wages, sick leave and maternity leave, holidays, employee dismissal and termination, provident fund issues, workers' compensation, employee social security, and severance. Discussed further in this article are rights pertaining to certain aspects of employment in Thailand.


Working Hours

An employee is mostly entailed to work eight hours a day or 48 hours a week. However, it is reduced to seven hours a day or 42 hours a week, in case, the work is hazardous and affects employee's health. In addition, an employee working continuously for five hours a day should be given a resting time of at least one hour. Likewise, an employee must also be given at least one day holiday in a week.


Remuneration

A remuneration committee has been set up, containing chairman who is the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, government representatives, and representatives of both employers and employees, in order to fix the wages and to determine basic pay.


Place of Payment of Remuneration

As per the Labor Protection Act, an employer is required to make payment of remuneration at the working place itself. However, it can be changed provided if employee is ready to accept payment at some other place or via some other payment modes.


Female Employees

According to the labor acts, both male and female employees must be treated equally in a working environment. However, there are certain exceptions in this case. For instance, an employer is restricted to employ female employee in such organizations engaged in mining as well as construction projects, underwater and tunnel works, and production and transportation of inflammable materials and explosives. Similarly, pregnant female employee is prohibited from working in plant or equipment that vibrates and lifting or carrying on her head more than 15 kilograms of weight. Additionally, an employer cannot terminate a female employee when she is pregnant.


Child Labor

According to the labor law, a child labor could be employed only if he has completed 15 years of age. But, in order to child labor below 18 years of age, the employer is required to notify it to the labor inspector regarding the employment of a child labor within 15 days from the date of his joining the job. Likewise, the law restricts an employer to make a child labor below 18 years to work on public holidays and to do overtime. Further, child labor below 18 are not allowed work in certain working environments such as metal stamping, working with hazardous chemicals, and working with poisonous microorganisms.


Sick Leave and Maternity Leave

As per the law, an employer must grant employees at least 30 days paid sick leave. However, an employee must furnish a doctor's certificate in case, he takes sick leave continuously for three days. In the case of maternity leave, a female pregnant employee should be granted at least 90 days maternity leave, of which the employer should pay for 45 days of the maternity leave.


Termination

A notice in writing must be given to an employee prior to his termination. However, according to the Labour Protection Act BE 2541 (1998), an employer can dismiss or terminate an employee without any notice or severance payment in any of these following circumstances such as


- Performing his or her duties and responsibilities dishonestly

- Committing any kind of criminal offense

- Negligence from the part of employee that leading to serious damage or loss to the employer

- Disobeying working rules and regulations devised by the employer

- On imprisonment as per the final judgment of imprisonment


A plethora of law firms are now in scenario in order to help you dealing with the Thai labor law. Usually, these law firms provide a range of services in connection with labor issues such as labor disputes, labor court representation, payroll issues, social security, and labor law compliance issues.

About the Author

For nearly 30 years, Bamrung Suvicha Apisakdi Law Associates (BSA Law) has focused on providing reliable legal advice and services to the Thai and foreign business community in Thailand. We provide international standards of legal services while retaining the customs of the Thai business culture.

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Employment Contracts: Workers' Written Statement Rights

AN OUTLINE OF THE TERMS WHICH SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN ALL CONTRACTS of EMPLOYMENT

There exists a contract between each employee and employer which is not necessarily, but is preferred to be, in writing, not necessarily as a single, and often more than one, document readily accessible, containing in a written statement which must be issued to the employee by the employer within a period of not longer than two months from the date of the commencement of the employment, if the employee works more than eight hours per week and has continuously been employed for at least one month, which must contain the major terms of the contract of employment ~of which some are express terms and found also in itemised pay or salary slips and notices and in such other documents as work-rules and relating to any collective agreements affecting and not by the individual employee contracted with objected to -as w